限定词讲义.doc

Determiner (限定词) 限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。英语的限定词包括：冠词 (the, a, an)、物主限定词（my, your, his, her, our, your, their, ones, its）名词属格 （Sophies, my friends）指示限定词：this, that, these, those, such关系限定词：whose, which疑问限定词：what, which, whose不定限定词：no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another基数词：one, two,序数词：first, second倍数词、分数词量词：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/large/good number of 等。专业四级主要考点：限定词与限定词之间的搭配关系。即如果在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时，就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置，限定词分为前位限定词、中位限定词和后位限定词。前位限定词包括all, both, half, double, 倍数词、分数词、what、such (a/an)等。中位限定词包括：冠词、指示限定词、物主限定词、名词属格; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose.后位限定词包括：基数词、序数词；next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, less, least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/large/good number of; such等前位中位后位all the four teachersall your three booksall these last few dayshalf his lecturethose last few monthsseveral hundred guestsall other studentssuch a misfortunesome such alloy练习：1. The additional work will take ( ) weeks.A. the other B. another five C. other five D. the more2. He did it in ( ) time it took me.A. the one-third B. half a C. the double D. one-third the3. I saw ( ) boys at the cinema.A. the both B. many a C. both the D. the several4. ( ) candidates are girls.A. Half the B. The half C. Their half D. Half a5. He was on leave ( ) days.A. the few last B. few another C. few other D. the last few6. ( ) friends usually speak highly of him.A. His some B. His many C. Many his D. Some his7. Please serve me ( ) soup.A. more some B. the less C. more the D. some more8. ( ) alloy may be used to replace copper.A. Such a B. Some such C. Such some D. Several such9. Please send ( ) samples to London by air.A. these enough B. five these C. enough these D. these five10. Are you going to buy ( ) rice?A. all these B. these all C. all this D. both these11. They want at least ( ) salaries.A. their double B. double their C. enough their D. their enough12. ( ) dictionary is enough for me.A. Such one B. One such C. Such a one D. One such a 13. ( ) factors should be considered.A. These all B. Such all C. All such D. Some these14. ( ) evenings he did enjoy himeself immensely.A. The first few B. The few first C. The first some D. Some the first15. ( ) meat is tainted.A. That one-third B. One-third that C. Such a D. Few such16. ( ) boys were in the classroom.A. All five other B. Other all C. All the more D. All the other five17. He has been staying at home ( ) days.A. these all last few B. these last few all C. all these last few D. these last all few真题：1. Which of the following is INCORRECT? （2008)A. All his lectures were boring.B. Half his money was goneC. Her few friends are all fond of dancingD. He invited many his friends to the party2. A new laptop costs about ( ) of a second-hand one.（2009）A. the price of three times B. three times the priceC.as much as the three times priceD. three times more than the price从属结构（限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句、独立结构）1. ( ) mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.A He is remembered B To rememberC While rememberingD Though remembered2. The policy ( ) made, the next problem was how to carry it out.A having been B being C had been D was3. Weather ( ), well go for an outing.A being permitted B permitted C permitting D permits4. ( ) the opportunity, he might well have become an outstanding cartoonist.A Given B To give C Giving D Being given5. He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ( ) insufficiently popular with all members.A. having considered B. was consideredC. was being considered D. being considered6. ( ) in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A. The girl to be educatedB. The girl educatedC. The girls being educatedD. The girl was educated7. No matter how frequently ( ), the works of Beethoven always attract large audience.A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed8. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ( ) to go to school.A. to be encouraged B. been encouraged C. being encouraged D. be encouraged9. ( ) their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.A. To have reviewed B. Having reviewed C. Reviewing D. Being reviewed10. If the building project ( ) by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.A. being completed B. is completed C. to be completed D. completed11. ( ) in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.A. Being the fourth biggest city B. It was once the fourth biggest cityC. Once the fourth biggest cityD. The fourth biggest city it was12. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ( ) spoilt ones.A. not counting B. not to count C. dont count D. having not counted13. ( ) at in his way, the situation doesnt seem to desperate.A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To lookProfessor Johnson is said ( ) some significant advance in his research in the past year.A. having madeB. makingC. to have madeD. to make14. This missile is designed so that once ( ) nothing can be done to retrieve it.A.firedB. being firedC. they firedD. having fired15. ( ) no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his room.A. There wasB. SinceC. BeingD. There being16. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighbouring country, ( ) by the police each time.A. had been capturedB. being always capturedC. only to be capturedD. unfortunately captured.17. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ( ) on benches, chairs or boxesA. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated18 “ How did the group improve its discussion” “They all took part, each member ( ) the responsibility of leading one meeting.”A. havingB to haveC. has hadD. has19.These surveys indicate that many crimes go ( ) by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.A. unrecordedB. to be unrecordedC. unrecordingD. to have been uncorded20. Its no use ( ) with her. You might as well ( ) with a stone wall. She is incapable of seeing anyone elses point of view.A. arguing; arguingB. argue; argueC. to argue; arguing D. arguing; argue21. The naughty girl said to her parents that she wanted to be a good girl and set her heart ( ) a trail of her own.A. to blazingB. to blazeC. blazedD. blaze22. The teacher walked into the classroom ().A. with a book in handB. hand with a bookC. being with a book in hand D. to have a book in hand23. We left the meeting, there obviously () no point in staying.A. wereB. beingC. to beD. having24. The mother didnt know who ( ) for the broken glass.A. blamed B. would blame C. to blame D. be blamed25. He rushed into the room, his face ( ) with sweat.A. dripping B. dripped C. being dripped D. was dripping限定分句真题归纳：( ) dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.（2006）A. Although B. Whatever C.As D. HoweverThe party, ( ) I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable.（2006）A. by which B. for which C. to which D. at whichThe research requires more money than ( ) （2007）A have been put in B. has been put in C. being put in D. to be put in( ) he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignments.（2008）A. Much though B. Mush as C. As much D. though much未完待续倒装倒装是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。 倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装（complete inversion）。Here comes the bus! 只将助动词、情态动词移至主语之前，如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。At no time was the entrance left unguarded.2完全倒装（complete inversion）Then（）theCivilWar.A.didfollowB.followedC.doesfollowD.following1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：Here he comes. Away they went.3 部分倒装 (partial inversion)1)Why cant I smoke here? At no time_ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit2） Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is. A. man did knowB. man knowC. didnt man knowD. did man know 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。 Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。3）No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game beganB.has the game begun C. did the game beginD.had the game begun 以否定词开头作部分倒装如 Not onlybut also, Hardly/Scarcelywhen, No sooner than，前一部分倒装。Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.4）Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? -I dont know, _.A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also so, neither, nor作部分倒装 表示也、也不 的句子要部分倒装。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you wont go, neither will I.5）Onlybypractisingafewhourseveryday_beabletouseit.A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyouonly在句首要倒装的情况 Only in this way, can you learn English well. Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.6) _,motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.A.HoweverlateisheB.HoweverheislateC.HoweverishelateD.Late,however,heis情态动词讲义英语中的情态动词有九个，分别是 can (could), may(might), will(would), shall (should), dare , must, ought to, need, used to.1一些需要了解的情态动词短语:(1) cannot (help) but do sth 只能(2) cannot help doing sth 情不自禁(3) may/might (just) as well do sth 不妨Since nobody else wants the job, we might just as well let him have it.(4) may well do sth/might well have done sth 很可能2. need, dare, used to其用法有一下几点值得关注： need, dare 既可做实义动词又可作情态动词。need do sth/ need to do sthdare sb to to sth 怂恿某人做某事need doing sth= need to be done(2) used to肯定句He used to live in Shanghai 肯定疑问句两种形式Used he to live in Shanghai?Did he use to live in Shanghai?否定句两种形式He usednt to smokeHe didnt use to smoke.否定疑问句两种形式Didnt he use to smoke?Usednt he to smoke?反意问句形式He used to live in Shanghai, usednt he/ didint he?There used to be a petrol station near the park, usednt there/ didnt there?3. 情态动词与动词现在完成时连用表达不同的意义情态动词have donemust have done/cant have done 情态动词1. “You ( ) borrow my notes provided you take care of them,” I told my friend.A could B should C must D can2. She ( ) fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.A must be B had been C could be D must have been3. Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone ( ) an opportunity to hear the speech.A ought to have B must have C may have D should have4. “Did you call to make your hotel reservation?” “Not yet, but I ( ).”A may B shall C must D should have5. The oil crisis last year made everyone keenly aware of the fact that the earths resources are finite and ( ).A would one day be exhausted B will one day be exhaustedC should one day exhaust D must one day exhaust6. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ( ) the journey in exactly two days.A must take B must have made C was able to make D could make7. You ( ) Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.A. neednt have told B neednt tell C mustnt have told D mustnt tell8. He ( ) unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful.A may have acted B must have acted C should act D would act9. As it turned out to be a small house party, we ( ) so formally.A need not have dressed up B must not have dressed upC did not need to dress up D must not dress up10. We could ( ) him with a detached house when he came, but he had specially asked for a small flat.A provide B have provided C not provide D not have provided11. “She must be in the dormitory now!” “No, she ( ) be there. I saw her in the classroom a minute ago”.A mustnt B cant C couldnt D wouldnt12. The coffee is c