GMAT考试机经笔记.pdf

目录目录 1 咖啡香气分析仪器 CoffeeAromaAnalysis Device 2 2 印第安土著和英国殖民者对土地资源使用的不同看法 Different Views of Native Americans and English ColonistsOn the Use of Land Resources 3 3 出口补贴与公司策略 Export Subsidization pH indicators and molecules that change color with certain chemical vapors The device produced a patternofcolors as each coffee s mixtureofvolatile compounds interacted with the dyes When the investigators pumped vapors from various coffees including Starbucks Sumatra Roast and Folgers Grande Supreme Decaf over the arrays all generated unique color patterns like a molecular fingerprint they report this month in Analytical Chemistry The array doesn t give any information about the individual compounds in the aromas The important thing is that we can easily tell the difference between different roastings and coffees notes Suslick And that should help growers quickly and cheaply analyze problems with coffee such as burnt flavors during their initial screening process says food scientist Felix Escher at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich The applications for the kind of device created by Suslick s team go beyond coffee says chemist Pavel Anzenbacher Jr at Bowling Green State University in Ohio Similar arrays he notes could be used in everything from detecting explosives to spotting contaminants in toothpaste 问题问题 Q1 为什么咖啡成分那么难鉴定 Q2 和血液标记的相似处是什么 2 2 2 2 印第安土著和英国殖民者对土地资源使印第安土著和英国殖民者对土地资源使 用的 不同看法用的 不同看法DifferentDifferentDifferentDifferent ViewsViewsViewsViews ofof ofof NativeNativeNativeNative AmericansAmericansAmericansAmericans andandandand EnglishEnglishEnglishEnglish ColonistsColonistsColonistsColonists OnOnOnOn thethethethe UseUseUseUse ofof ofof L L L Landandandand ResourcesResourcesResourcesResources 原始原始 Native American Vs 英国殖民者 说是 Native American 买地给英国殖民者 这文章一共三段儿 前两段 忘啦 最后一段儿 是说 Native 把地买给英国人之后仍然拥有在这块儿地儿上 HUNTER one of his contemporaries stated that cadenzas should be dreamlike in their logic expressing ordered disorder and Mozart s playing evidently had that quality He wrote out cadenzas for many of his concertos so his performances may not always have been spontaneous Beethoven carried on the tradition the darkly rumbling cadenza that he devised for Mozart s D minor Piano Concerto is a fascinating case of one composer meditating on深 思 沉思another but he also helped to kill it In the first movement of the Emperor Concerto the soloist is told not to make a cadenza but to play the following a fully notated solo Performers gradually stopped working out their own cadenzas instead turning to a repertory of written out versions Opera singers retained more freedom especially whenit came to interpolating插入bravura大胜的尝试 勇气的举动 显示演奏家技艺的壮丽的乐 段 highnotes音 调 butthey too grewmorecautious Improvisationbecamethe provinceofchurchorganistsand avant gardists the latter often taking inspiration from jazz Classical advocates of the practice believe that it is not only historically valid but intellectually enlivening使 某人 某事物 更活跃或更愉快 For a recent paper in NeuroImage Aaron Berkowitz and Daniel Ansari studied what happens cognitively when someone improvises they observed increased activity in two zones of the brain one connected to decision making and the other to language Even if a soloist extemporizes即席演奏for only a minute the remainder of the performance may gain something intangible Levin the Harvard based musician who for decades has been the chief guru 宗师of classical improvisation believes that performances need to cultivate risk and surprise Otherwise he says music becomes gymnastics体操with the affectation装模作样 故弄玄虚of emotional content a phrase that sums up uncomfortably large tracts of modern music making 问题问题 Q1 Beethoven 对 Cadenza 的发展起到什么作用 Q2 哪些人用了 Cadenza 的方式 Q3 最后一段第一句话中提到的那种人可能赞成什么观点 Q4 问第二段中提到的 C 什么的那个人 我也没搞清楚是不是个人 是为了什么 Q5 传统的 Candeza 的支持者的观点 Q6 问那个科学家还是历史学家会同意哪种关于 cadenza 以下那种说法 7 7 7 7存 货 的 生 产 平 滑 模 型存 货 的 生 产 平 滑 模 型ProductionProductionProductionProduction SmoothingSmoothingSmoothingSmoothing ModelModelModelModel ofof ofof InventoryInventoryInventoryInventory 考古考古 V1V1V1V1 第一段 inventory smoothing 理论 model 的思想是 用库存 inventory 作为 buffer 应付可能出 现的产品需求的突然增长 这样公司就不用改变当前的生产 production level 就会保持稳定 这 里有题 第二段 根据这个理论 production 的 variance 会下降 而且如果需求增加 sales 的 variance 会增加 但是经过科学家调查 发现 production 比 sales 的 variance 要高 而且他们 或者是 sales 和 inventory 不影响整体阅读 的 variance 是 correlated 这说明要么这个理论有问题 要么还有其他因素影响了调查结果 第三段 第一句话是 科学家所做的调查是基于 aggregate level 的 后面有问这句话的作用 我选 提供了 possibility that masks 对单个企业的应用 这样一些 seasonality 的数据可能被 忽略 但是有科学家对单个企业做调查 也不能证实这个 model V2V2V2V2 第一段 inventory smoothing 理论 model 的思想是 用库存 inventory 作为 buffer 应付可能出 现的产品需求的突然增长或减少 这样公司就不用改变当前的生产 production level 就会保持 稳定 第二段 根据这个理论 production 的 variance 会下降 而且如果需求增加 sales 的 variance 会增加 但是经过科学家调查 发现 production 比 sales 的 variance 要高 而且他们是 correlated 这说明要么这个理论有问题 要么还有其他因素影响了调查结果 第三段 第一句话是 科学家所做的调查是基于 aggregate level 的 这样一些 seasonality 的数 据可能被忽略 所以不能反映 individual firm 的情况 后面有问这句话的作用 我选 提供了 possibility that masks 对单个企业的应用 有科学家专门对 individual firm 做调查 但也与 inventory smoothing 理论不符 问题问题 Q1 主旨 A1 讨论一个模型并研究其不可靠性 Q2 Inventory smoothing 里面问 inventoryprimarily concerned with A2 JJ 里那道类似的选的是使生产保持恒定 但是我考的时候感觉 peaks and valleys of sales 那个选项好像更好 意思大概就是消除销售峰谷的影响 因为有另外两个选项都是说恒速生产这 同一个意思 Q3 最后一段提到 aggregate data 说明什么 A3 suggest the possibility that aggregate data masked the applicability of the model to individual company 8 8 8 8 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期画家与赞助人画家与赞助人的关系的关系 thethethethe Patron ArtistPatron ArtistPatron ArtistPatron ArtistRelationsRelationsRelationsRelationsininininthethethethe RenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissance PeriordPeriordPeriordPeriord 考古考古 V1V1V1V1 关于文艺复兴时期的画家和他们的赞助人 也就是花钱让他们画画的人 之间的故事 先是 A 的观点 名字不记得了 代号吧 说不太清楚这两类人是不是有很明确的关系 即赞助 人本身不太懂艺术吧 然后是 B 的观点 两者是并列的 说很少有证据表明赞助人干预艺术家 作画吧 然后是 C 的观点 应该是作者要肯定的观点 说举了很多例子说赞助人对画家指手画 脚 要求很多 甚至一些细节 然后举了个例子 第二段又进一步说了 C 的观点 大概也就是作者的进一步支持吧 不太清楚内容了 V2V2V2V2 文艺复兴时期画家和赞助人对于作品的决定权 细节 主旨题 有考 第一段现有 2 人说 patron 对于 artisit和作品影响甚微 然后来1 个反驳说有影响 举例PA主教可以决定PB画家画的scene 能出现与否 有考 后一段再展开 各种 artist Matteo de Pasti writes tohispatron about specific details concerning thesubject matter of a work referring to himself as thepatron s least servant who wishes to obeyhis master Fra Filippo Lippi writes to Cosimo de Medici that he is here entirely to be a slave to you one must remember that Italy was still working out final kinks 纠结in a new middle class minded capitalist system and dredges 淤泥 of the medieval system of feudalismstillinfluenced aristocratic patrons The artist could be building up trust and good relations so that he may be referred to other commissions and thus make a name for himself Venenziano was slyly 狡 猾地using diplomacy 外交手腕 in order to gain a coveted 梦寐以求的 commission says Gilbert De Pasti wanted to verify his content not technical details so as to have a successful commission and be paid well Lippi was asking for money and proceeds to specify whatfor In fact we actually see the painter Cossa standing up for himself to his patron who generally paid by the square foot as a more learned artist with a name and thus deserving of more pay It seems as though many patrons grew increasingly aware of artists aesthetic mastery and few documents exist where detailed instructions were given A contract between Master Martino andhispatron s is an exceptional case where the artist was instructed to finish a vault mural in the same workmanship manner and form as theother four vaults in the chapel which were done by a previous artist This served to preserve the continuity and consistency of the style of the murals Another exceptional case involves the German patrons of Matteo Giovanni who requested specific imagery according to their tradition and cultural tastes expounding on specific proportions based on another altarpiece However they trusted him to use the judgment of any good master as to how compositional elements would be arranged and colored The third exceptional case involves a very personal gift that of a belt buckle commissioned by Marco Perenti for Filippo Strozzi for which the symbolism was very complex and thus designed by Perentihimself Gilbert suggests that this consistent lack of instruction in most commission contracts alludes to the fact that artists having repeatedly painted similar religious subjects were considered masters of the imagery In a 1461 document that he mentions the artist Benozzo Gozzoli was instructed to simply paint the specified saints in their usual costume or withalltheir standard decorations In many cases we actually see the artists themselves specifying such things as materials and even giving aesthetic advice to their patrons on how to improve specifications Pierro de Medici is denied the change he requested in a commission by Benozzo Gozzoli who retorted that the element in question was nothing to make a fuss over The Master Andrea Mantegna chides his patron for hurrying him with a rather far fetched 牵强的 request that he paint fromlifea subject that was not present Giancristoforo Romano gives detailed instructions to his patron concerning a marble 大理石 purchase for his commission requesting a man who understands the nature of these marbles to make the purchase Antonio Del Pollaivolo suggests to his patron that he consider a grand equestrian 骑术师 portrait instead of a simple bust claiming that he would make the man immortal This pride in their artistic skill is felt by the artists patrons We see several instances where the patron actually concedes to thewillof the artist In a case where a sculpture by Donatello was rejected the patron s actually proceeds to give him some money for his troubles an action which Gilbert suggests might have been to appease any possible problems the artist might bring up Ina series of letters between the Duchess of Milan and the Marquis of Mantua theMarquis mentions difficultiesinworking with Mantegna saying these masters have something of the fanciful about them and itisbest to take from them what one can get In 1505 when Isabella d Este wanted a work by Giovanni Bellini she was advised against very specific terms She specified the theme but left the poetic invention up to Giovanni Thus we see a mutual respect becoming evident in artist patron relations of the Renaissance Some well known artists of the time such as Mantegna enjoyed courtly appointment and rubbed elbows with some of the most elite members of society painting their portraits discussing private collections of art and even being includedinthose collections Some might argue that artists gained fame by copying the styles that preceded themintradition but there is increasing evidence of personal involvement and style Mantegna s hand was recognized among manyina fresco cycleina church of Padua The artist author Leon Battista Alberti emphasized drawing from nature and not simply copying previous models He expounds that the painter is like a god wielding a divine power that comes only through the constant study of theworld about him Patrons recognized this divine powerin the Renaissance artists and thereby gave them the relative aesthetic freedom that they deserved 问题问题 Q1 一道题是主旨题 A1 选 C 说 discussing patron role in artist development 之类的 答案基本上肯定 疑惑项 E 说 patron 影响 artist decision making 大家可先对比一下 Q2 还有一道题 说是问 A 和 B 的观点有什么相同之处 A2 都认为赞助人对画家干预不多吧 Q3 这个教堂的主教如何了 A3 选项有 这个主教是赞助人 这个主教不是赞助人 他只负责完成他被 assign 的任务 这 个主教全程密切监视这个画家的创作过程 这个主教对这位画家可能画在教堂顶的内容表示不确 定和怀疑 这个画家的绘画内容可能违背教会的旨意啥的 这个选项记不清了 Q4 高亮题 即画家可以按照自己的意愿进行艺术创造 但初稿完成后要拿给赞助商看 赞 助商常常会有不同的意见 会要求画家修改 画家再拿回去改 赞助商也可以在之前提出建议意 见要求什么之类的 这段话说明了什么 A4 画家一开始完成的那个画作的 form 可能并不是最终的 form Q5 在什么情况下可以加强第一段的一个人的观点 A5 当时赞助人选择画家都是只考虑商业价值 9 9 9 9 美国债务 从债权人到债务人美国债务 从债权人到债务人 AmericanAmericanAmericanAmerican Debt Debt Debt Debt fromfromfromfrom CreditorCreditorCreditorCreditor totototo DebtorDebtorDebtorDebtor 考古考古 V1V1V1V1 讲美国从 creditor 变成 debtor 到底是好是坏 两种理论 第一种说是好 将其比喻成 rising corporation 但这种没有考虑到美国的投资者都是用 portfolio 有一题 第二种说是不好 比 成 falling ones 第二种更有说服力 但两者都没有考虑美国的跨国公司所起到的作用 有题 意思是问两种说法的共同点 V2V2V2V2 说美国是世界上负债最多的国家 一个学家说 1 这是经济强劲的表现 说这是 2 跨国公司在美 国进行直接投资的结果 作者说美国现在大部分的外国公司是间接投资 出题 是 in order to 的题 答案我选 反驳第一个人的观点 另一个学家说这是美国经济萧条的表现 最后 作者说两个理论都没考虑经济全球化的因素 出题 问题问题 Q1 第一种说法缺陷在哪 A1 没有考虑到美国的投资者都是用 portfolio Q2 两种说法的共同点 A2 两者都没有考虑经济全球化 globalization 所起到的作用 Q3 in order to 题 作者说美国现在大部分的外国公司是间接投资的目的 A3 反驳第一个人的观点 跨国公司在美国进行直接投资的结果 10101010 乌鸦有逻辑思维能力吗 乌鸦有逻辑思维能力吗 DoDoDoDo RavensRavensRavensRavens HaveHaveHaveHave thethethetheAbilityAbilityAbilityAbility ofof ofof LogicalLogicalLogicalLogical Thinking Thinking Thinking Thinking 考古考古 V1V1V1V1 开始讲科学家通过试验 发现乌鸦能够通过一系列复杂的行为 这部分内容很复杂 但是对于做题 根本没有用 总之知道乌鸦这个行为表明了它能够逻辑思考就行 来获取一个精心设计放置的肉 类 这个表明了他们用逻辑思维能力 第二段就讲很多动物在试验中也可以一步一步的来获取复杂放置的食物 但是他们都是通过不断 试错 这里有一道题 和研究人员在这个过程中每一步的食物鼓励做到的 这个并不能说明这些小 动物有逻辑思维能力 当然 有一种针对乌鸦试验的反驳观点认为乌鸦是在那个复杂行为中每一 步发现肉更近了来获得精神激励 这里有道细节题 为反驳的观点是什么 不说明他们能逻辑思考 作者反驳了这种观点 提出一个有点复杂的理由 总之知道作者不赞同就行了 解释 这里的意思是 因为乌鸦在那个复杂的行为中 每做一步就会发现肉离它更近了一点 所以受 到了精神上面的鼓励 所以才会这么一步一步做下去 如果这个解释成立的话 那么乌鸦就和那些 在实验室中被研究人员一步一步用食物鼓励的小动物的行为没有差别了 那么这就说明了乌鸦没 有逻辑思维能力 只是一种觅食本能的反应 这种解释就被用来反驳文章第一段中研究人员认为 乌鸦有逻辑思维能力的推论 作者认为这个解释是不合理的 提出了一堆比较复杂的理由 认为这 个反驳是不成立的 第三段 后来研究人员又做了一个类似第一段的试验 发现乌鸦并不具备逻辑思维能力 因此 文章 的结论是乌鸦是否具备逻辑思维能力还不确定 介绍的就是这个复杂的试验 看那篇报道对于理解这个试验很有帮助 但是一定要注意 JJ 上面那 篇参考文章的观点是乌鸦有逻辑思维能力 这篇考试文章的观点是乌鸦有没有逻辑思维能力还不 确定 V2V2V2V2 Just How Smart Are Ravens Topic Categories BehaviorBehavior Posted on April 9 2007 8 59 AM by GrrlScientist GrrlScientist tags ravens intelligence behavior birds ornithology Common Raven Corvuscorax Image John James Audubon Some ofyou knowthat Bernd Heinrich has spent many winters studying ravens and their behavior This month Heinrich and his colleague Thomas Bugnyar published an article inScientificAmericanthat explores the intelligence ofravens Inthis article they investigate the question do the birds consciouslycontemplate alternativebehaviors and choose the most appropriateones or are they merelyrelying oninstinct or learning to performspecific actions by rote Theybegin by noting that ravens are not the only birds that are reputed to behave intelligently They state that other relatives ofthe ravens the corvids such as crows jays magpies and nutcrackers appear to possess surprising and sophisticated mental abilities They even mentionthat these birds capacities appear to be equivalent toor to evensurpass those ofthe greatapes For example nutcrackers have the capacity to recall thousands oflocations where they have cached food items a capacity that exceeds that of humans Which leads us to ask do corvids rely onlogic to solve problems or are they relying oninstinct Do corvids distinguish betweeneach other and altertheir behaviors accordingly To moreprecisely determine the mental capacities ofravens the largest of the corvids Heinrich and Bugnyar designed several tests The firstexperiment consisted offood hanging froma string belowthe bottom ofthe wire cage pictured right bigger Toget this treat the bird had to reach downfrom a perch and grasp the string in its beak pull up onthe string placethe loop of string onthe perch step onthis looped segment ofstring toprevent it from slipping down then let go ofthe string and reach downagain and repeat its actions until the morsel of food was within reach Theyfound that some adult birds would examine the situationfor several minutes and then performthis multistep procedurein as littleas 30 seconds without any trial and error as if they knewexactlywhat they were doing Becausethere was no opportunity forthe birds tobe confronted with a similar problemin the wild the simplest explanationis that they were able toimagine the possibilitiesand to performthe appropriatebehaviors The authors also found that successfully performing this behaviorrequired maturity immature birds were unable to do it while year old birds performed a varietyof trials before they were able tosucceed But was it logic that the birds relied onto solve this problem The authors assert that basically knowing how todo something requires few orno trials whereas trial and error learning requires no logic Infact it was possible that the birds were rewarded by having the meat become closer with each looping behavior So as a result the authors designed anotherexperiment to find out howthe birds were solving the problem by presenting themwith a situationthat was not immediately rewarding because it was counter intuitive a string that must be pulled down tocause the food to move upwards towards the bird pictured left bigger Inthis situation the ravens were still interested in the food but none of themmanaged to solve the problemof obtaining it eventhough they would have had to use the same sequenceof actions The authors concluded that the pull up method ofobtaining the meat was mastered quickly because it was logical a capacity that is lacking or present only to a limited extent inmost animals Thinking and logic canbe quite unreliable and can cause their own set ofproblems For example paper wasps rely onprecise hard wired behaviors to manufacturepaper into a nest with a very precise architecture No learning is required tocreate the nest although the environment canmodify some genetically programmed behaviors So why are corvids different What is special about their social environment that favored the evolved of intelligence as the source forcomplex behaviors Much ofthe natural history ofravens suggests that they evolved under circumstances that required them to cope with rapidly changing short term situations These birds are opportunists who do some hunting ontheir own but aremainly dependent uponfood that other animals havekilled The predators that inadvertently providethe birds with food are unpredictable and thus canalso kill ravens Under these circumstances trial and erroris evolutionarily untenable because the firstmistake indealing with an unpredictablepredator could cost the birds their lives Food bonanzas provided by mammalian carnivores are oftenquickly consumed by them As a result it pays ravens toget anearly start in feeding often side by side with these carnivores Todo this the birds must be able to predict the carnivores behavior such as when