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SAP秀才-MM学习指南-1.MM基本配置sapMM 2009-06-11 08:27:56 阅读1094 评论8 字号:大中小 1.定义工厂Plant(Tcode:)Path: IMG-Enterprise Structure-Definition-Logistics-General-Plant2.分配工厂到公司代码(Tcode:OX18)Path: IMG-Enterprise Structure-Assignment-Logistics-General-Assign plant to Com. Code3.维护仓储地点Storage Location(Tcode:OX09)Path: IMG-Enterprise Structure-Definition-Materials Management-Maintain storage location4.维护采购组织Purchasing Organization(Tcode:)Path: IMG-Enterprise Structure-Definition-Materials Management-Maintain purchasing org.5.给公司代码分配采购组织(Tcode:)Path: IMG-Enterprise Structure-Assignment-Materials Management-Assign purchasing Organization to company code对于集中采购模式(Centralized Purchasing,Corporate-group-wide purchasing),一个采购组织对应所以公司代码,所以就不需要在这里指定它们之间的对应关系了。这里应用SAP Library里面的一段文字:Maintain purchasing organizationIn this step, you set up your purchasing organizations.From the Materials Management and Purchasing view, the purchasing organization is responsible for all purchasing activities (including the processing of requests for quotations and purchase orders, for example).The purchasing organization is integrated within the organizational structure as follows: A purchasing organization can be assigned to several company codes. (= Corporate-group-wide purchasing). A purchasing organization can be assigned to one company code. (= Company-specific purchasing). A purchasing organization can also exist without being assigned to a company code. o Since each plant must be assigned to a company code, the latter can be determined via the plant at the time of each procurement transaction even if the procuring purchasing organization has not been assigned to a company code. A purchasing organization must be assigned to one or more plants. (= Plant-specific purchasing). A purchasing organization can be linked to one or more other purchasing organizations. (= reference purchasing organization) For more on this topic, refer to Assign Purchasing Organization to Reference Purchasing Organization. A purchasing organization can be divided into several purchasing groups that are responsible for different operational areas. Each purchasing organization has its own info records and conditions for pricing. Each purchasing organization has its own vendor master data. Each purchasing organization evaluates its own vendors using MM Vendor Evaluation. Authorizations for processing purchasing transactions can be assigned to each purchasing organization. All items of an external purchasing document, that is, request for quotation, purchase order, contract, or scheduling agreement, belong to a purchasing organization. The purchasing organization is the highest level of aggregation (after the organizational unit client) for purchasing statistics. The purchasing organization serves as the selection criterion for lists of all purchasing documents. Possible organizational formsYou can organize your purchasing function in the following ways: Corporate-group-wide purchasing Company-specific purchasing Plant-specific purchasing All of these forms can co-exist within a single client.Corporate-group-wide purchasing:A purchasing organization is responsible for the purchasing activities of different company codes. In this case, you do not assign a company code to the purchasing organization, but specify the company code concerned for each individual purchasing transaction. You assign plants from different company codes to the purchasing organization.Company-specific purchasing:A purchasing organization is responsible for the purchasing activities of just one company code. In this case, you assign a company code to the purchasing organization. The purchasing organization may procure only for this company code. You assign only plants of the company code concerned to the purchasing organization.Plant-specific purchasing:A purchasing organization is responsible for the purchasing activities of one plant. In this case, you assign the plant and the company code of the plant to the purchasing organization. The purchasing organization may procure for this plant only.NoteIf you wish to work with a mixture of the above organizational forms, the reference purchasing organization is of significance to you. It is possible to allow one purchasing organization to access the contracts and conditions of another - a so-called reference purchasing organization. This makes it possible for advantageous terms negotiated by one purchasing organization to also be used by other purchasing organizations.RecommendationPurchasing organization 0001 is already preset in all dependent tables.SAP recommends that you retain this number if you require only one purchasing organization.You will then have to customize only a few tables.6.给工厂分配采购组织(Tcode:)Path: IMG-Enterprise Structure-Assignment-Materials Management-Assign purchasing Organization to plant7.创建采购组Purchasing Group(Tcode:)Path: IMG-Materials Management-Purchasing-Create Purchasing Groups8.维护工厂参数Plant Parameters(Tcode:)Path: IMG-Materials Management-Inventory Management and physical Inventory-Plant ParametersCreate SLoc.automat.=Yes,也可以通过OMB2设置以便在收货的时候系统能够自动创建物料的存储地点View,两种方法达到的效果是一样的。9.维护物料管理的公司代码(Tcode:OMSY)Path: IMG-Logistics-General-Material Master-Basic Settings-Maintain Company Codes for Materials Management用来维护公司代码下物料管理的初始期间,Year=当前年,Period=当前期间,ABp=Yes即同时打开上月期间。一班MM模块上线的当期除了要打开当前期件之外,还要打开上一期间以便导入初始除此数据。10.定义物料类型Material Types(Tcode:)Path: IMG-Logistics-General-Material Master-Basic Settings-Material Types-Define Attributes of Material Types系统已经预设了足够的Material Type,根据需要用户也可以通过Copy的方式进行定义或者修改。双击ROH,查看或者修改Material Type的detail信息,选择物料类型相关的View。可以在这里指定某种Material Type的价格控制方式(S或者V),当然SAP中物料价格控制最细的粒度是到物料层面的,所以SAP价格控制比较灵活。Oracle EBS的价格控制只能到组织层面,太粗放了,这是两个世界最优秀的ERP软件核算体系上的最大差别,显然这方面SAP要由于Oracle。需要说明的是有些物料既可以对外采购也其可以内部生产获得,这需要设置Internal/external purchase orders下的两个选项来实现。双击Quantity/value updating,Qty updating=Yes,Value Update=Yes,这表示该类型的物料将可以进行数量和价值的管理。11.维护物料组Material Group(Tcode:OMSF)Path: IMG-Logistics-General-Material Master-Settings for Key Fields-Define Material Groups12.评估分组及评估类首先,OMWM启用评估分组代码控制(Path: IMG-Materials Management-Valuation and Account Assignment-Account Determination-Account Determination Without Wizard-Define Valuation Control)其次,OMWD为公司代码定义评估分组代码(Path: IMG-Materials Management-Valuation and Account Assignment-Account Determination-Account Determination Without Wizard-Group Together Valuation Areas)说明,评估分组代码代表的其实是系统的一种记账规则,如果几个公司代码的记账规则一致,那可以为它们定义一个评估分组代码,如果不一致,那么就分别为每个公司代码定义不同的评估分组代码。接下来,OMSK定义估价类(Path: IMG-Materials Management-Valuation and Account Assignment-Account Determination-Account Determination Without Wizard-Define Valuation Classes)如果不同类别的材料所对应的“存货”及“价差”等会计科目不同,那么可以将不同类别的材料定义成不同的估价类。估价类如何划分要充分考虑财务管理方面的需求。在我所有的例子中为了简单我基本上都使用3000原料类、7900半成品、7920产成品。定义好了估价类之后在创建Material Master Record的时候要指定估价类。13.相关会计科目(Tcode:OMWB)Path: IMG-Materials Management-Valuation and Account Assignment-Account Determination-Account Determination without Wizard-Configure Automatic Postings点击Account Assignment,双击BSX行,输入1100 COA,选中Valuation modif.和Valuation class,保存,Valuation modif.=1100即前面定义的评估分组代码。这里定义“存货”科目:12310101原料类-标准成本12320101自制半成品-半成品14210101产成品-标准成本接下来定义“价差”科目,Transaction=PRD,12310201原材料-成本差异说明:如果企业使用综合差异率核算材料价差,那么设置一个差异账户就可以了,但是有很多企业使用分类差异率核算材料价差,那么就需要在这里细化估价类,不同的估价类指定不同的差异账户。接下来定义“暂估”科目,Transaction=WRX,12010101材料采购-GR/IR除此之外,还要定义供应商“统驭”科目(供应商应付账款科目),如果还要做预付款业务,则要使用OBYR定义预付科目,这个业务在我的另一篇文章FI速成手册有较为详细的说明,这里就不再叙述了。还需要定义Input Tax对应的科目,在14中有专门的讲解。14.税码、税率及相关账户(Tcode:FTXP)Path: Financial Accounting-Financial Accounting Global Settings-Tax on Sales/Purchases-Posting-Define Tax Accounts首先进入初始画面,输入国家代码,Enter,首先选定税码J1,它代表17%的进项税(概念不清楚的要补一补财务/税收方面的基本知识),Enter,在VST行输入对应的进项税税率17%,点击Tax account输入相关的进项税科目,Enter,需要说明的是并不是所有的进项税税率都是17%,例如有些小规模纳税人进项税税率为6%,显然,最初的初始画面似乎对人有一种误导:一个国家只能定义一个税码,其实不然,我们可以通过Copy的方式建立更多的税码,Enter,接下来的工作不再做重复讲解了。不过需要特别说明的是一旦维护了VST行的Tax Percent .Rate,就不要再维护MWS行的这个值,否则后期做发票验证的时候会有问题,所以上一个画面中的0.000和6.000同时出现是有问题的,而且,直接删除0.000再保存好像也不行,必须将光标放在0.000处,点击Deactivate line按钮才可以。需要说明,通过OB40(Path:Tax on Sales/Purchases-Posting-Define Tax Account)也可以指定税码对应的进项税账户,双击VST行,Save,这种指定账户的方法和前面的方法效果是一样的。销项税税码及其对应账户的设置步骤和进项税的设置一样,所不同的是销项税对应的Transaction不能用VST,而要用MWS。更多的关于进行税Input Tax和销项税Output Tax的设置参考下面的路径:除此之外,还要定义公司代码默认的税码(Path: IMG-Material Management-Logistics Invoice Verification),否则后期做发票验证的时候会提示错误:Table T169V: entry 1101 does not exist。15.涉及到的几个Tolerance Limits第一个:采购订单的价差容限Path: IMG-Material Management-Purchasing-Purchase Order-Set Tolerance LimitsFor Price Variance第二个:采购收货的容限(Tcode:OMC0)Path: IMG-Material Management-Inventory Management and Physical Inventory-GoodsReceipt-Set Tolerance Limits第三个:采购发票冻结的容限(Tcode:OMR6)Path: IMG-Material Management-Logistics Invoice Verification-Invoice Block-SetTolerance Limits 另外,还要激活Item Amount Check,Path: IMG-Material Management-Logistics Invoice Verification-Invoice Block-ItemAmount Check-Activate Amount Check否则,在做采购收货的时候系统提示:Check table 169P: entry M001 does not exist。关于采购方面的设置基本上结束了,接下来我们可以进行一些简单的MM业务操作了。秀才的贴一定要顶SAP秀才SAP秀才-MM学习指南-2.物料主数据管理sapMM 2009-06-11 08:33:25 阅读697 评论0 字号:大中小 1.创建物料主数据Material Master Record(Tcode:MM01)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Material Master-Material-Create-ImmediatelyMRP在PP中讲解,物料的MRP试图先不在这里创建,否则需要事先创建MRP Controller。Enter,Enter,Material Group = CR10金属材料,Purchasing Group = CR1(设置阶段我们设置了两个采购组:材料和服务这里选择CR1材料),Valuation Class = 3000原材料Price Control = S(从Material Type默认过来的,S=标准成本,V=实际成本)Standard Price = 6.5 RMB/KG。保存,创建完成。如果想要查看所有物料的状况,可以使用MM60来list一下。2.更改物料类型(Tcode: MMAM)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Material Master-Material-Change Material Type一般的物料信息修改使用MM02来完成,但是Material Type的变化牵扯到其他相关信息的变化,所以需要特别慎重,使用专门的功能MMAM来做,这样的需求也是比较常见的,例如原来自己生产的物料现在要转为外购,类似的业务都会涉及到Material Type的更改。指定New Material Type ,操作比较简单,不用在进一步叙述了。3.物料删除分两步:先标记,后删除。首先MM06标记物料(Path:-Material Master-Material-Flag for Deletion),初始屏幕输入物料和工厂,Enter,Enter,Save,如果要撤销删除标记,还是MM06进来,把对勾打掉即可。接下来,MM71删除物料(Path:-Material Master-Other-Archiving-Material-Archive/Delete),Variant处输入一个新的变式ACV-01,点击Maintain,如果Consider materials without deletion flag = Yes,那么即使物料没有做删除标记,也可以硬性删除物料,但这是一种不严谨的做法,建议尽量不要这样。返回,保存,回到初始界面,点击Start Date,点击Immediate,Save,回到初始界面,点击Spool Params,Enter,回到初始界面,此时Start Date和Spool Params显示为绿灯,表示已经做了维护,F8执行,Menu-Goto-Job Overview,Finished表示程序执行结束。MM72显示一下程序执行结果,最后,SP01查看一下归档删除程序执行的详细Log,以上只是截取了部分log信息。物料删除有很多的约束条件,例如物料是否有库存、是否有采购订单等等,任何一个约束条件不满足,归档删除都不能成功,此时SP01所显示的log会一一提示出来。关于物料主数据的分类这里没有做介绍,秀才有点疏忽了,补上一句,主要使用Characteristics+Class来实现。SAP秀才-MM学习指南-3.一个简单的业务循环sapMM 2009-06-11 08:45:05 阅读589 评论3 字号:大中小 这里主要演示PR-RFQ-Quotation-PO-IM-Verification这样一个业务循环,物料管理的起点应该是采购计划如MRP,但是按照秀才搞Oracle EBS的习惯,通常将这部分内容归属到生产部分(PP),秀才就延续这个习惯了。 例如:车间请购物料B-16MNR-12薄板100KG,该物料为首次采购物资,价格部进行市场询价,厂家报价之后形成正式采购订单。货到之后随后发票送达,财务进行发票验证。在进行业务操作之前还需要进行基础数据的准备: 主要包括采购组织层面的供应商信息(Tcode:XK01) 采购组织层面的信息记录Info. Record(Tcode:ME11)。1.创建采购请求(ME51N)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-Purchase Requisition-Create车间scola请求采购B-16MNR-12材料100KG,要求2009-06-03到货。这里值截取了采购请求(PR)的部分画面,Enter之后系统会自动带出Item Detail信息,例如价格,Delivery Address等。Save,系统提示生产采购请求10000120。如果需要可以使用ME55进行采购请求的Release操作2.询价(Tcode:ME41)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-RFQ/Quotation-Request for Quotation-价格部门进行市场询价,将询价单发给两个Vendor。特别注意:Quotation Deadline=2009-05-26,即为Vendor报价的截止期限。为了简化RFQ的创建,可以参照之前建立的采购请求来简化创建过程,路径为:Menu-RFQ-Create with Reference-To Purchase Req.输入采购请求10000120创建询价单RFQ,Enter,选中行项目,点击Adopt(Shift+F5),接下来,将该RFQ发送给两个不同的Vendor,点击Vendor Address(F7),在Vendor处输入第一家供应商10000025,Enter,下面的信息都自动从系统中带了出来,Save,系统提示创建了RFQ 6000000004,同时Vendor处变为空,等待用户输入第二家供应商,同样,输入10000035,Enter,Save,系统提示创建了RFQ 6000000005。这样我们就在系统中创建了两个RFQ。如果需要可以使用ME45进行RFQ的Release操作。3.报价(Tcode:ME47)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-RFQ/Quotation-Quotation-Maintain假设两个Vendor都进行了报价,现在将报价结果输入到系统中去,Enter,鞍钢的报价为6.7RMB/KG。同样的操作输入第二张报价单,舞钢的报价为6.8RMB/KG。如果报价的Vendor比较多,为了从价格的角度考评哪个Vendor的报价比较低,可以使用ME49进行价格比较(Price Comparison),显然,从这里可以看出来鞍钢为“第一名”,舞钢为“第二名”。这只是一个参考信息,至于最终从那家采购,还要考虑Vendor的服务、质量、交货期、运输成本等诸多因素。假设,现在我们选定了鞍钢。接下来就可以制作采购订单了。4.创建采购订单(Tcode:ME21N)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-Purchase Order-Create-ME21N参照RFQ 6000000004创建采购订单,搜索符合条件的RFQ,选定Vendor鞍钢,然后拖住6000000004放到Header上方的小车内,系统将自动创建采购订单,Save,系统提示创建了标准采购订单(PO)4500000049。ME28执行采购订单的Release操作,点击Release Save。这样采购阶段的业务基本上就完成了,接下来就是采购到货入库和应付发票的确认。5.采购收货(Tcode: MIGO_GR)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Inventory Management-Goods Movement-GoodsReceipt-For Purchase Order-GR for Purchase Order输入采购订单编号4500000049,Enter,在Detail Data的Quantity标签页中输入到货的数量,假设请购100KG,到货也是100KG;在Where标签页中输入目的仓库Storage Location = 材料库。Item OK = Yes,然后Post,系统提示产生了Material document,MB03查看产生的Material Document,点击Accounting Documents或者执行FB03查看相关的会计分录,物料B-16MNR-12的标准价格(S)为6.8RMB/KG,但是采购订单的价格为6.7RMB/KG,100公斤产生10元的材料采购价差。这个差异将在成本模块使用物料账(Material Ledger)去进行分摊和成本还原。此时,MMBE查看一下库存On-hand Quantity,物料B-16MNR-12库存量增加了100KG(可以在执行收货之前事先MMBE查看一下库存量,两者对比就是本次的收货数量)。6.发票验证(Tcode: MIGO_GR)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Inventory Management-Goods Movement-GoodsReceipt-For Purchase Order-GR for Purchase Order首先输入采购订单4500000049,Enter,系统自动带出行信息。选中Calculate tax,系统将自动计算出Tax amount 113.9RMB,再加上货款670RMB,共计738.90RMB,将货款及税总额填写到Amount处,Enter,Balance自动变为0,表示该发票借贷平衡了,Post,系统提示,MMBR下达Blocked Invoice,选中行,点击小旗子执行Release操作。执行MIR4,显示一下发票,点击Follow-On Documents,查看产生的会计凭证(或者使用FB03),如果需要,还可以使用FB10N查看Vendor Balance,再接下来就进入财务付款的环节了,这里就不再讲解了,有兴趣的可以参考一下秀才的FI速成手册。另外,我们还可以ME23N查询一下采购订单,看看做了收货和发票验证动作之后采购订单发生了什么样的变化,从这里我们也可以进一步追踪收货和发票的信息。除此之外,Header层面上也有一些状态的变化,就不再抓图了。SAP秀才-MM学习指南-4.采购合同sapMM 2009-06-11 15:10:27 阅读434 评论1 字号:大中小 Contract and Release Order为了降低采购成本、维护与供应商的长期合作关系、简化采购中间环节控制(例如反复的询价报价),企业可以与供应商签订长期采购合同Contract。在产生了实际的物料需求时,可以根据采购合同issue Release Order(即Create Release Order against Contact)。1.创建采购合同(Tcode: ME31K)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-Outline Agreement-Contract-Create创建Contract有很多的方式:Manual、Copy Document、Reference to PReq、Reference to RFQ。Agreement Type:数量合同:目标数量已知,系统强制要求输入Target Quantity。价值合同:目标价值已知,系统强制要求输入Target Value。 Quantity contracts Use this type of contract if the total quantity to be ordered during the validity period of the contract is known in advance. The contract is regarded as fulfilled when release orders totaling a given quantity have been issued. Value contracts Use this type of contract if the total value of all release orders issued against the contract is not to exceed a certain predefined value. The contract is regarded as fulfilled when release orders totaling a given value have been issued.输入采购组织和采购组,Enter,意思是设置阶段我们没有指定采购组织和公司代码的关系,在这里输入公司代码,Enter,在这里主要输入Validity End=2009-12-30,通常采购合同都是一年一签。Enter,输入物料B-16MNR-12,Target Qty = 20000KG ,Net Price = 6.6(价格上当然要比前面的6.7RMB/KG优惠一点)。Save,系统提示创建了数量合同4600000004。执行ME35K来Release Contact,点击Release + Save动作,批准采购合同。2.创建Release Order(Tcode: ME21N)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-Purchase Order-Create-ME21N 参照Contract创建的Purchase Order都叫做Contact Release Order,简称Release Order,也可以叫做Call-off Order。Over the contract validity period, certain quantities of the materials or services covered are released (called off) against the contract as and when required through the issue of purchase orders referencing the latter. Such purchase orders are thus termed contract release orders or simply release orders. (Outside SAP, particularly in the UK; they may also be referred to as call-off orders.)在左边查询出之前创建的采购合同4600000004,拖放到Header上方的小车内,系统将自动创建出一张采购订单,输入本次采购数量120KG,当然价格6.60可以根据需要进行二次调整(默认带出的是采购合同的Net Price)。从这里也可以看出对于数量采购合同,Target Quantity是一定的,但是Value可能会有所变化。后续的操作在之前的例子中已经做过详细的介绍,这里就不再重复了。SAP秀才-MM学习指南-5.计划协议及交货计划sapMM 2009-06-11 15:14:15 阅读558 评论2 字号:大中小 Scheduling Agreement and delivery schedule:1.创建计划协议(Tcode:ME31L)Path:Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-Outline Agreement-Scheduling Agreement-Create-Vendor Known创建Scheduling Agreement也有很多的方式:Manual、Copy Document、Reference to PReq、Reference to RFQ、Reference to Contract。Agreement Type:LP-手工创建Delivery ScheduleLPA-MRP自动创建Delivery Schedule输入采购组织和采购组,Enter,意思是设置阶段没有指定采购组织和公司代码的关系,在这里输入公司代码,Enter,输入Validity End = 209-12-30,Enter,输入必要的信息,Save,系统提示创建了计划协议5500000001。使用ME35L批准计划协议(否则不能做库存收货),点击Release + Save批准计划协议。2.维护交货计划Delivery Schedule(Tcode:ME38)Path:Logistics-Material Management-Purchasing-Outline Agreement-Scheduling Agreement-Delivery Schedule-MaintainEnter,选中行,点击Delivery Schedule按钮(或者F2),假设企业对物料B-16MNR-12的需求是均衡的,每个月计划交货100KG,Save。说明一下,这里秀才犯了一个错误,前面计划协议的Target Quantity = 7000,但是这里的交行计划合计数只有700(本意是每个月1000),这属于低级失误。不过不影响后续工作。3.收货(Tcode: MIGO_GR)Path: Logistics-Material Management-Inventory Management-Goods Movement-GoodsReceipt-For Purchase Order-GR for Purchase Order这里除了能输入采购订单号之外,也可以输入Scheduling Agreement号,Enter即可。说明:只有当Delivery Date到了之后才可以执行收货动作,如果当前时间早于Delivery Date就进行收货,系统会提示:Document does not contain any selectable items。如果上月没有做收货,那么本月收货的时候会按上月与本月的合计数量进行收货(即截止目前为止的累计数量)。后续的操作在之前的例子中已经做过详细的介绍,这里就不再重复了。Over。SAP秀才-MM学习指南-7.库存盘点默认分类 2009-06-30 17:29:57 阅读506 评论0 字号:大中小 Physical Inventory1.账户设置库存盘点的目的是保持库存账(Book Inventory)物(Physical In

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