完形填空命题特点与解题技巧.doc

完形填空命题特点与解题技巧本文作者： 汤杰礼 期号：526 阅读数：145一、命题特点分析综观近几年全国各省市高考试题，完形填空题遵循了“突出语篇，强调语用”的设计思路，考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对英语语言知识综合运用的能力。这不仅需要考生具备扎实的语言基础知识功底，而且要具有一定的语篇分析理解能力，具备独立分析、对比取舍和灵活处理问题的能力。分析近三年的高考完形填空试题，大体有以下几个特点：1.选材以记叙文、夹叙夹议类文章为主，议论文和说明文为辅。1) 记叙文类完形填空的特点：记叙文类完形填空有人物故事、历史故事、励志故事等。在文章的写作风格上，作者在叙述某个人或某事件的过程中通常把人物的语言、心理活动的描写也融入其中。这类完形填空更加强调词法知识在语篇中的综合运用，突出了“词汇语境化，语篇整体化”的完形填空命题原则。对于这种体裁除了要把握好文体特点，还要揣摩情节发展， 特别注意人物心理活动的描写，做出正确判断。2) 夹叙夹议类完形填空的特点：夹叙夹议的文章通常主题明确，或告诉读者一个道理，或引人思考，或给人乐趣。高考所选文章语言地道、寓意深刻、可读性强。记叙和议论在文中交错运用，有的是以议论引出记叙，有的是在记叙的基础上发表议论。3) 议论文类完形填空的特点：议论文由论点、论据、论证三个要素组成，这也是一个提出问题分析问题解决问题的过程。因此，它有着较强的说教目的和一定的语言深度，结构清晰，脉络有序。它具有以下两个特点：议论文型完形填空的首句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段直接提出论点，然后在各段的首句提出分论点，并通过论据论证，最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一个话题供大家讨论。议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点。因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还比较注重委婉，常用虚拟语气、让步状语从句和情态动词can, could may, might, would, should等；为了辩证推理的条理性和逻辑性，往往较多地使用so, but, however, since, because, now that, therefore, in that case等过渡词和连接词。2.以情景意义考查为主，语法选择填空极少。完形填空题一般在语境中综合考查考生对词义的理解，而不是对纯语法知识的考查。命题者给出的干扰项单从词性、搭配和语法角度来看往往都是正确的，与空前空后的句子形成某种看似合理的联系，若考生不注意上下文，就容易选错。因此，考生答题时，要立足于对全文的理解，根据上下文的内在逻辑关系及事件之间的逻辑关系做出正确的判断。3.设空以单词填空为主，短语或词组填空为辅；考查以实词为主，虚词为辅。完形填空的选项词汇主要是名词、动词、形容词、副词等实词。短语或词组填空仅起辅助作用，但“动词+介词副词”、“名词形容词+介词”、“介词+名词”等习惯搭配也是考点。这样的设置既要求考生具有很好的词感，能熟练运用所学过的常见词汇，还要求他们具有较强的语感，具有对语篇进行整体处理的能力，要做到“上下求索寻信息，左顾右盼找答案，瞻前顾后想全文”，同时结合考生个人所积累的各方面知识正确解读全文，完成“完形”任务。 （下转A25版）高 考 真 题 解 析例1 (2013年湖北卷)Zigfried, a little mouse, blew his breath on the frosty window of the farmhouse and rubbed it to see the outside. Still nobody came. Maybe today, he thought 31 . It was only a few days before Christmas and he was watching for a miracle (奇迹).This farmhouse had been 32 too long. It needed a family. Zigfrieds 33 made a noise. He realized that he hadnt eaten anything since yesterday. He jumped from the windowsill (窗沿), grabbed a 34 from his home, and went next door to Farmer Mikes.Farmer Mikes house had been a great place for the little mouse 35 the farmer married a wife who had a cat. Zigfried 36 when he thought of it. He looked around cautiously as he 37 into the room where grain was stored and was quite 38 as he filled his bag with wheat. He was turning to leave when suddenly he 39 a hot breath about his ear. His heart beat 40 , and without thinking he started to run and luckily 41 the cats paws (爪子).The next afternoon Zigfried heard some good news: a 42 family would be moving into the farmhouse soon. Zigfrieds granny would arrive on Christmas Eve to 43 with him. He hoped that the family would come before his granny came. Before long, a car came 44 the road leading to the house, with butter sandwiches, cheese and chocolate.Zigfrieds Christmas miracle did arrive!The house came 45 the next few days. Zigfried 46 every single hour of them. 47 , the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a 48 smile at the door of his home, he heard the 49 of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas. What? A cat? The 50 froze on his face; his mouth fell wide open. After a long while, he at last found his voice: “Hey! Whose Christmas miracle is this?”31. A. carefully B. excitedly C. hopefully D. proudly32. A. shabby B. noisy C. messy D. empty33. A. mouth B. nose C. stomach D. throat34. A. bag B. stick C. bowl D. coat35. A. although B. until C. whereas D. unless36. A. leapt B. sniffed C. trembled D. withdrew37. A. broke B. marched C. paced D. stole38. A. curious B. nervous C. pitiful D. sensible39. A. took B. released C. felt D. drew40. A. strongly B. irregularly C. slowly D. wildly41. A. escaped B. seized C. rubbed D. scratched42. A. close B. happy C. new D. young43. A. celebrate B. communicate C. compete D. compromise44. A. across B. from C. off D. up45. A. alive B. loose C. open D. still46. A. counted B. enjoyed C. missed D. wasted47. A. However B. Instead C. Moreover D. Therefore48. A. bitter B. forced C. polite D. satisfied49. A. introduction B. discussion C. comment D. debate50. A. blood B. smile C. tear D. sweat二、解题技巧完形填空题要求考生具备的能力之一就是“正确的阅读理解能力”，同时，还要具备扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识的综合积累，是一种全面考查考生语言运用能力的题型。那么，如何应对完形填空考题呢？1.研读首句，判断主旨大意完形填空题一般首句不设空，这为我们理解文章的主旨大意提供了一个“窗口”。在记叙文、夹叙夹议类的文章中，首句往往给出故事的人物、时间、地点、起因等，通过这些信息我们大体可以推知故事的背景。而在说明文、议论文中，首句往往给出的就是文章的主题句或是交待与主题相关的一些背景知识，这些知识限定了文章的主题范围，有利于同学们在阅读时有一个好的逻辑思维起点。因此，在解答完形填空题时，我们要充分重视首句的指示作用，利用它来把握全文大意，从而为解题找到一个突破口。高 考 真 题 解 析例2 (2013年山东卷)I used to be a self-centered person, but in the past two years I have really changed. I have started to think about other people 36 I think about myself. Im becoming a 37 person.I think my 38 started when I was at Palomar College. At first, I just wanted to get my 39 and be left alone. I thought I was smarter than everyone else, so I hardly ever 40 to anyone in my classes. By the end of my first semester, I was really 41 . It seemed as if everyone but me had made friends and was having fun. So I tried a(n) 42 . I started asking people around me how they were doing, and if they were having trouble I 43 to help. That was really a big 44 for me. By the end of the year, I had several new friends, and two of 45 are still my best friends today.A bigger cause of my new 46 , however, came when I took a part-time job at a Vista Nursing Home. One old lady there who had Alzheimers disease became my 47 . Every time I came into her room, she was so 48 because she thought I was her daughter. Her real daughter never 49 her, so I took her place. She let me 50 that making others feel good made me feel good too. When she died, I was 51 , but I was also very grateful to her.I think I am a much 52 person today than I used to be, and I hope I will not 53 these experiences. They have 54 me to care about other people more than about myself. I 55 who I am today, and I could not say that a few years ago.36. A. since B. before C. or D. unless37. A. famous B. simple C. different D. skilled38. A. education B. career C. tour D. change39. A. balance B. homework C. degree D. interest40. A. talked B. wrote C. lied D. reported41. A. careful B. lonely C. curious D. guilty42. A. argument B. game C. experiment D. defence43. A. dared B. offered C. hesitated D. happened44. A. dream B. problem C. duty D. step45. A. us B. which C. them D. whom46. A. attitude B. hobby C. hope D. luck47. A. friend B. partner C. guide D. guest48. A. polite B. happy C. strange D. confident49. A. bothered B. answered C. visited D. trusted50. A. explain B. guess C. declare D. see51. A. homeless B. heartbroken C. bad-tempered D. hopeless52. A. quieter B. busier C. better D. richer53. A. forget B. face C. improve D. analyze54. A. forced B. preferred C. ordered D. taught55. A. miss B. like C. wonder D. expect篇章分析：没设空的首句提供的信息是：我曾经是一个以自我为中心的人，但在过去的两年里我真正改变了。后文介绍的是作者如何转变以及转变之后的情况:“我”主动帮助别人，这使“我”结交了许多朋友，包括一位患老年痴呆的老太太。“我”的转变让“我”体会到什么是真正的快乐，那就是关心和帮助别人。可见，本试题是一篇夹叙夹议型的完形填空，告诉读者真正的快乐是关心和帮助别人。考生只要抓住文章的线索和脉络，明白文章的逻辑关系，就能顺利解题。2瞻前顾后，把握上下文的关系做完形填空题绝不能离开上下文的语境。上下文是形成语境的基础，任何语言结构、语法关系、词语搭配都不能无视上下文的联系。做题时，要学会瞻前顾后，做到词不离句、句不离段，段不离文。有时我们会发现，上文的答案在下文有提示，而下文的答案在上文中也有信息。3依托文章语境，进行词义辨析完形填空的命题特点之一就是利用词汇辨析知识命题，而且这类命题占了整篇文章题目的绝大部分。因此，考生答题时要准确把握词汇的意思和用法以及不同语境中的变化；要仔细辨析相似、相近词语的词义，特别注意词语的固定搭配以及词汇的引申义。4梳理文章脉络，进行推理判断在完形填空题中，考生常常要对文章的情节、作者的态度等进行推理判断。作者在文章中赋予了一定的感情色彩，因此考生首先要抓住文章的脉络，弄清楚文章的结构及上下文的逻辑关系，做题时要充分体会上下文语言的和谐性，理解文章的深层含义。只有这样，才能加深对文章深层意义的理解，从而更好地完成任务，恢复文章的原貌。三、备考注意高考完形填空题不仅要求考生具有语篇理解能力、词语辨析能力，更重要的是要求考生具有根据上下文语境以及词句、段落之间的内在逻辑关系进行分析和推理的能力。因此，考生在平时的备考训练中，应做到以下几点：1. 树立语篇意识，化解局部难点每篇完形填空都围绕一个主题展开，其结构严谨，上下文互为映衬，前后照应。在解决局部问题时，要树立牢固的语篇意识，遵循“整体局部整体”这个解决问题的规律，不要把注意力孤立地局限在句子层面上，而要从段落或整篇文章入手，整体把握文章的内容，结合上下文，寻找答题线索。2借助逻辑连词，推敲前后文意英文中的逻辑连词是构成语篇的纽带，也是相关语句信息的结合点。命题人常在这些“关节”上设置题目，考查考生的语言运用能力。常用的逻辑连词主要有：词：and, because, but, despite, however, otherwise, theref