第四 英汉词法对比(二).doc

教 案周 次第 3 周，第 1 次课授课时间年 月 日授课章节lecture 3 英汉词法对比与翻译本（章）节授课方式课堂讲授（） 实践课（ ）教学时数授课要点本 （章） 节 教 学 目 标1. 英汉词法对比。英语多静态，汉语多动态。2. 根据英汉词法句法差异对不同句式进行合理地道的翻译。教 学 重 点 和 难 点1、不同句式的处理。思考题或作 业1. 课后专项练习。2. 篇章翻译。教学内容与组织安排 第一节. 英语多静态表述（名词优势），汉语多动态表述（动词优势）Part I 思考题1.从以下译文中选择你认为最好的译文，并说明理由。1）Though fond of many acquaintances, I desire an intimacy only with a few.A. 虽然有许多熟人，我却只想与少数几个保持亲密关系。B. 我虽然交游广阔，却只愿与少数几人亲密往来。C. 我虽然喜欢与许多人打交道，却只愿与几个人保持亲近的关系。评析：原文出自英国作家Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)的The Man in Black。这篇文章是世界公民 “Letters from a Citizen of the World”中的第二十六封信，原有标题： The Character of the Man in Black; With Some Instances of His Inconsistent Conduct(黑衣人的性格；他言行矛盾的若干事例)。 B译文为佳。其表述尊重汉语动态表达的特点，言辞简洁得体。2）An economy based on free enterprise is generally characterized by private ownership and initiative, with a relative absence of government involvement.A. 以自由竞争为基础的经济体制，其基本特征是私人所有制和个人创造性，政府不需过分参与。B. 一个以自由竞争为基础的经济的基本特征是私人所有和积极，政府卷入相对缺乏。C. 基于自由竞争的经济体制，它的基本特点是私有制、创造力、政府干预较少。评析：A与C的译文都较为得体，都注意到英汉两种语言在动静之间的表达差异，还有正反表达这种翻译技巧使用也很到位。但相比之下，C译文的动态效果更为明显，表达也更为简洁。3) 人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。A. Peoples intelligence needs to be developed, and humans inner world needs to be developed, too.B. There is a need for human beings to develop their own intelligence, as is the case with their inner world.C. Just as there is a need for human beings to tap into their own intelligence, so is the case with their inner world. 评析：C为佳。汉语多用动词，英语可以处理成动词加宾补，也可将部分动词处理成名词，显得更为得体；另外，汉语多重复，英语多变化。 4）工商行政管理部门是维护城市市场经济秩序的直接职能部门，是市场经济秩序的守卫者，始终为国民经济又好又快发展保驾护航。A. The Industry and Commerce Administration department is the functional department directing and maintaining the citys order of market economy and the guard serving the rapid and sound development of national economy.B. The Industry and Commerce Administration, as the functional department directing and maintaining the citys order of market economy, serves the rapid and sound development of national economy in the locality. C. The order of market economy is guarded and the sound and rapid development of national economy ensured by the Industry and Commerce Administration, which is the direct functional department of maintaining citys order of economy.评析: 汉语多动词，多重复，而英语表达则动静相宜简繁有序。从这个角度来说，B为佳。2. 比较分析以下英汉两段文章，总结出它们在表达方面的显著特点。A. There are few writers for whom the reader feels such personal kindness as for Oliver Goldsmith, for few have so eminently possessed the magic gift of identifying themselves with their writings. We read his character in every page and grow into familiar intimacy with him as we read. The artless benevolence that beams throughout his works; the whimsical, yet amiable views of human life and human nature; the unforced humor, blending so happily with good feeling and good sense, and singularly dashed at times with a pleasing melancholy; even the very nature of his mellow, and flowing and softly tinted style, -all seem to bespeak his moral as well as his intellectual qualities, and make us love the man at the same time that we admire the author.原文出自Washington Irving的短文Oliver Goldsmith。注意文章的静态特点的体现。B. 侵略有多种形式：单方面废除条约与国际义务，干涉别国内战，对较弱邻国实施威胁，强迫实行不平等关系，赤裸裸武装进攻别国领土和肢解别国，征服殖民地民族，否认自决权和基本人权。Aggression took many forms: the unilateral denunciation of treaties and international commitments, interference in the internal affairs of other states, the use of threats against weaker neighbors, the imposition of unequal relationships, outright armed attack against the territories of other states and their dismemberment, the subjugation of colonial peoples and the denial of the right of self-determination and fundamental human rights.注意汉语表达的动态特点。Part II 本节要点总结：静态与动态从语言形态的角度来看，英语是屈折语（inflectional language），汉语是非屈折语（non-inflectional language）。所谓屈折语，就是以形态变化来体现语法意义。也就是说，相对于汉语，英语的语言形态更为丰富。在某种程度上讲，词的形态变化的多样程度决定了词类优势。英语动词形态变化繁复而稳定，在使用时受形态的限制很大，而名词则没有这个问题，因此在英语中体现出名词优势，而名词优势又导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语词类没有形态变化问题，而动词与名词比较，动词的动态感强，名词则相对凝滞，所以在汉语中动词非常活跃，可以连用（形成连动句或兼语式），也可以广泛代替名词（在句中充当主语等成分）或形容词。（邵志洪，2005，pp23-4）而RQuirk等在朗文英语语法大全中指出：总而言之，名词自然具有静态的（stative）特征，因为它们多半指那些被认为是静止的实体，不管这些实体是具体的（物质的），如house, table, paper,还是抽象的（精神的），如hope, botany, length.另一方面，动词则更自然地具有动态的(dynamic)特征：它们适于（例如有表示时态和体的能力）表达动作、活动以及暂时的和变化中的状况。形容词，就 它们赋予名词所指的人或事物以静止的特征而论，在表达静态的意义上与名词有联系。因而，许多形容词与动词不同，它们不能与进行体连用，以表示暂时性（temporary）。同样，副词（或者说得更确切些，附加状语），就它们为动词的动态翻译增加时间、地点、方式等特定的条件而论，也应归入动态类。开放类词之间的关系可粗略地作如下归纳：静态 名词-形容词 动态 动词-副词（朗文英语语法大全p98）就英汉两种语言而言，英语“倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态（stative）；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic）”。（连淑能，p104；邵志洪，p24）就其表现而言，主要在如下几方面：1， 英语的名词化（nominalization）倾向英语是综合-分析语，具有词缀丰富的特点。这些丰富的词缀使一些动词和形容词很容易派生为名词，从而名词化成为英语常见的现象。（邵志洪，p24）在许多情况下，用名词代替动词可以使行文和表意都更为简洁，这也符合现代英语发展的趋势。可以比较下列句子：a. When I became a college student, the whole family felt proud of me and even the whole village talked about me.b. As a college student, I became the pride of the family and even the talk of the village. 动词或形容词派生为名词，的确可以起到简洁为文的效果，但是，如果过度使用，就会适得其反，显得抽象、晦涩，甚至引起歧义。比如：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that keptpresenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings，made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感，层出不穷并不断重新组合排列；正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性，致使普鲁斯特难于将它们错落有致地安排好。这句话出自一篇研究法国作家普鲁斯特追忆似水年华的文章，其中由动词或形容词派生而来的名词很多，使得整句显得抽象玄奥，稍有不慎就会如坠五里云中。a small car factory ( a factory of small cars/ a small factory of cars) a British history teacher2， 英语中名词表示施事（agentive noun），代替动词英语常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。很多由动词派生（如以-er或-or结尾）的名词既表示施事者，又保留原来动词的意义。而汉语由动词加后缀构成的名词用来指人，不再表示行为或动作。因此英语这类名词往往要转换为汉语动词。The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。Hes a chain smoker.他抽烟一根接一根的。He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (Vanity Fair)他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不肯用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。3， 英语的名词优势带来介词优势 介词前置于名词或名词词组。由于英语多用名词，必然也要多用介词，因而产生了介词优势。介词优势与名词优势相结合，使英语的静态倾向更明显。所以在英译汉的过程中，可以把英语的介词处理成相应的动词，来体现汉语译文的动态优势。There is an element of anger behind their eyes.他们的眼光中流露出一种愤怒的神情。With these words she went away.说完这些话，她便走开了。Store in a cool dry place away from direct sunlight.置于阴凉干燥处保存，避免阳光直接照晒。由于英语的这种介词优势，汉语在翻译成英语的时候，可以酌情考虑选用介词来体现英语译文的静态特点。交货期改为 8 月并将美元折合成人民币。 Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi. 汉语中常见的兼语式中的后一个动词，除了可以用动词不定式、分词等做宾语补语外，也可以用介词短语作宾语补语，而且句子显得更加简练。他帮助那位老太太坐好。He helped the old woman into her seat.他带她走遍了整个市场。He walked her all over the market.他劝她改变了决定。He argued her out of the decision.高科技开发区的多数商家去年状况良好，但就软件业来说，猖獗的盗版活动使得各公司蒙受了巨大损失。Most businesses in the high-tech development zone did well in the previous year, but in the case of the software industry, companies suffered heavy losses due to rampant piracy. 我们的房子安的不是保险丝，而是安全电闸，它可以在线路超载时自动断电。Instead of a fuse, our house is fitted with a safety switch that automatically disconnects in case of circuit overload.4， 英语中用形容词或副词表达动词的意义英语常用动词的同源形容词或副词来传达一个动词的意义。比如：The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative.学生们配合得很好，老师向他们表示了感谢。The newspaper was down at six yesterday.报纸昨天六点钟付印。Down with the old and up with the new.破旧立新。5， 汉语中的动词连用在现代汉语中，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”。动词连用是现代汉语句法的显著特征之一。在汉译英的过程中，可以选择一个做主动词，另外的处理成不定时、分词或介词结构做宾语补语，以符合英语语法习惯。游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道上行进。The paraders marched in the street, carrying flowers and banners in their hands.晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给我写完了这些墨才罢！” （红楼梦）Qingwen greeted him with a smile, exclaiming, “a fine one you are! On the spur of the moment you bade me grind ink for you this morning. But you threw down your brush and went away after having written merely three characters. Youve kept me waiting for you the whole day. You are to use us this ink now. Be quick!” (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)大量动词涌现在汉语句中而不会引起动词臃肿混乱，原因在于汉语动词没有屈折的形态变化，形态稳定，使用时不受形态上的限制，比较方便。而且动作先后有序，脉络清晰，在英语译文中也要注意这一点。6， 汉语中动词(词组)可以充当句子的各种成分汉语动词（词组），包括连动式、兼语式，无需改变形式就可以充当句子的各种成分。实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。（动词词组作主语、宾语）To translate ideals into reality needs hard work.革命不是请客吃饭。（兼语式词组作表语）Revolution is not a dinner party汉语动词没有形态变化，使用方便，且重于动态描写，所以汉语中动词用得多。在英语句子中，由于谓语动词受形态变化的约束，所以句子中只能有一个谓语动词，它是英语句子的轴心，然后再借用名词来表达这个句子，而名词与名词之间的联系依赖介词，又顺势形成了英语的介词优势。由于以上的不同特点，英汉互译的过程往往是静态与动态互相转换的过程。适当应用这一原理，常常可以使译文比较符合译入语的表达习惯。林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片销毁。Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.上下班他一般坐地铁。He usually rides subways to and from work.他酷爱古典文学。He is an ardent lover of classical literature. 根据我们总结出来英汉差异特点，翻译上面英语文章。象奥利弗哥尔德斯密斯那样，使读者倾心爱慕其人品的作家，实属屈指可数，因为极少作家具有他那种把自己融化在作品之中的奇才。在他的每一页作品中，我们都可看到他的性格，因此在阅读的过程中对他越来越了解，越来越亲切。他的全部作品中闪烁着赤诚的慈悲之心；他对人生和人性的看法虽离奇却不乏温情；他的幽默毫不勉强，揉入了美好的感情与良知理性，是那么恰如其分，有时夹杂一丝宜人的忧郁感，更是独具一格；还有，他的风格醇厚、流畅、色彩柔和这一切似乎都表明了他的道德品质与智慧，使我们不仅因他是作家而钦佩他，同时还对他本人产生爱慕之情。Part III （Assignment）巩固练习题（英汉互译）1. 句子翻译1）英译汉Officially, hes on holiday; actually, he is in hospital.官方称，他在度假；实际上，他住院了。The signs of times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration.种种时代迹象表明，必须改进行政管理体系。Nrthrop Fryes criticism is richly textured, so dense with insight, and so wide-ranging in its references. 诺思罗普弗莱德批评肌理丰盈、创见良多、涉猎广泛、旁征博引。2)汉译英这部小说很难分类。This novel defies easy classification. 要想掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。The command/master of a foreign language demands hard word.后来，我因为要写一篇报道，就到了北京。在离北大不远的一家小餐馆里喝着冰茶时，往事一起涌上心头。Then I traveled to Beijing on a story assignment, and it all rushed back to me as I was sipping a glass of iced tea in a tiny lunchroom not far from Beijing University.由于通货膨胀，社会的不满情绪不断加剧，在此情况下，政府只得放慢改革。Amid mounting social discontents over inflation, the government had to slow its reforms. 2. 段落翻译 请分析下面的段落，根据汉英用词方面各自的特点，翻译下面的汉语语篇。他日，驴一鸣，虎大骇，远遁，以为且噬己也，甚恐。然往来视之，觉无异能者。益习其声，又近出前后，终不敢博。稍近，益狎，荡倚冲冒。驴不胜怒，蹄之。 （柳宗元黔之驴One day the donkey brayed. The tiger took fright and fled for fear of being bitten, in utter terror. But it came back for another look, and decided this creature was not so formidable after all. Then growing used to the braying it drew nearer, though it still dared not attack. Coming nearer still, began to take liberties, shoving, jostling, and charging roughly, till the donkey lost its temper and kicked out. （translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang）3. 佳译赏析Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies)读书足以怡情、足以博采、足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。 （王佐良译）评析：译文忠实地传递了原文意义，语言雅洁，词采高华，笔力雄劲。第四章 英汉词法差异及翻译技巧2. 英语多变化，汉语多重复 Part I 思考题1.从以下译文中选择你认为最好的译文，并说明理由。(1) The monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, this animal had learned to solo on the vehicle.译文：A. 这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会操作拖拉机。到九岁的时候，动物已经学会了在交通工具上单独玩耍了。 B. 这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。C. 这只猴子最了不起的成绩是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶交通工具了。 答案： B 分析：tractor和vehicle在句中显然都表示拖拉机，the monkey和the animal在句中显然都表示拖拉机，英语表达上有变化，而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。（2）原文: 我们要继续坚定不移地坚持以经济建设为中心。我们要继续坚定不移地推进改革开放。 我们要继续坚定不移地保持社会稳定。我们要继续坚定不移地贯彻执行独立自主的和平外交政策。 译文： A. We will continue to unswervingly focus on economic development. We will continue to unswervingly press ahead with reform and opening-up. We will continue to unswervingly carry out the independent foreign policy of peace. B. We will steadfastly focus on economic development, resolutely press ahead with reform and opening-up, persistently maintain social stability and unswervingly pursue the independent foreign policy of peace. C. We will unswervingly focus on economic development, press ahead with reform and opening-up, maintain social stability and pursue the independent foreign policy of peace. 答案： C 分析：四个坚定不移地全译成unswervingly，这样的英译文不仅不能加重语气，反而弱化并显得累赘。如果译成不同的副词也不可取，给人以副词堆砌的感觉。只用一个副词修饰四个动词应该就可以了。再如：彻底粉碎completely smash, smash本意就是break completely，已经包含了彻底的意思，加上completely语气反而弱化。完全征服completely conquer, conquer不可能是partly。极为可耻extremely shameless，shameless已是最高级。伟大的历史性转变This is a great historic change。在英语里，historic已经包含了great的意思。（3）为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。 A. To promote the development of China-US relations, China needs to know the US better and the US also needs to know China better. B. To promote China-US relations, China needs to know the US better and vice versa. C. To promote the development of China-US relations, China need a better understanding of US and US also needs to know China better.答案： B 分析：B译避免了重复，英文通顺简洁。2. 比较分析以下英汉两段文章，总结出它们在用词方面的显著特点。 Downsizing in VogueIn recent years corporate downsizing has been on the rise throughout the world. Downsizing is reducing costs by dismissing employees and reassigning their duties to the employees who remain. They usually call it restructuring, rightsizing, reallocating resources, or job separation. They sometimes use dieting metaphors1 like “trimming the fat,” “getting lean and mean,” or “shedding weight.” Whatever the euphemism, employees affected by these practices know what the words mean to them: layoff. And no “kinder, gentler” words can do much to alleviate the anxiety and distress that come with losing a job. In their quest to lower costs to stay competitive, companies often wield the ax with little or no regard for the well-being of the people involved. For example, in the past years AT&T have dismissed thousands of managers and employees through downsizing, though many of these people have twenty or more years of loyal employment with the firm. Industry analysts assert that if organizations wish to consider themselves responsible, ethical corporate citizens, they must demonstrate concern for their employees, even when they have to tell them they are no longer employed. Organizations concerned about easing their employees shock and stress at being laid off can do so through careful planning and preparation. Effective, honest and timely communication is always important, but when staff reductions are imminent, it becomes critical. Employees who know what is going on can prepare themselves for the inevitable and are much better able to cope when the ax finally does fall. It is sometimes difficult to determine the right thing to do, but many firms are trying. IBM for instance, offers early retirement. AT&T offers job search help and career counseling to displaced employees. Organizations can also support employees whose positions have been eliminated by providing retraining or outplacement assistance and a reasonable severance package. Those being laid off are not, however, the only ones affected by the downsizing. By addressing the needs and concerns of remaining staff, showing sensitivity to their feeling of loss, and dealing with their anxieties about additional layoffs, an organization increases its chances of retaining their loyalty and trust.Questions about the ethics of downsizing are sure to continue. Do responsible companies lay people off? Is it ethical to close factories? Must employers guarantee workers jobs for life? What are the ethical issues involved when organizations become so downsized they are no longer able to attain their goals (a situation known as “corporate anorexia”? What happens, for example, to patients in a hospital that has eliminated so many positions it is no longer able to provide the necessary level of care? If, as most experts agree, downsizing is here to stay, perhaps the real question is not, “Is it ethical to downsize?” but “How can companies downsize ethically?” 提示：找出文中“downsize”的不同表达方式 找出文中“lose ones job”的不同表达方式 盲人挑灯 1) 一个漆黑的夜晚，一个苦行僧走到一个荒僻的村落中，他看见有一盏晕黄的灯正从巷道的深处静静地亮过来，身旁的一位村民说：“孙瞎子过来了。” 2)苦行僧百思不得其解，一个双目失明的人，挑起一盏灯笼岂不可笑？3)僧人于是问：“敢问施主，既然你什么也看不见，那你为何挑一盏灯笼呢？” 4)盲人说：“现在是黑夜吗？我听说黑夜里如果没有灯光的映照，那么满世界的人都和我一样是盲人，所以，我就点燃了盏灯。” 5)僧人若有所悟地说：“原来您是为别人照明呀？” 6) )但那盲人却说：“不，我是为自己！”7)盲人问僧人，你是否因为夜色漆黑而被其他行人碰撞过？但我就没有。虽说我是盲人，但我挑了这盏灯笼，既为别人照亮了路，也让别人看到了我而不会碰撞我了。 提示：分析文中“僧人”和“盲人”的表达方式Part II 本节要点总结：英汉差异：替换（Substitutive）与重复（Reiterative）英语要尽量避免重复表述，而汉语则习惯重复表述。“一般来说，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。讲英语的人对于随意重复相同的音节、词语或句式往往感到厌烦。许多英语作文教师甚至告诫学生“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.” （连淑能，P173） 音节重复 原句：Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.改写：Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener. 词语重复 原句：We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.改写：We listened to an account of the villagers customs. 句式重复 原句：Even to borrow money is wrong, according to Kant, because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow. 改写：Even to borrow money is wrong, according to Kant, because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow. 意义重复原句：He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project 改写：He asked the divisions to cooperate on the project 意义重复又如以下词组： advance planning assembled together still remains repeat againexactly identical audible to the ear entirely complete throughout the entire summer foreign imports dash quickly 英语文体学家批评这类重复是粗心的(careless)、笨拙的(clumsy)，因而也是令人厌烦的(boring)。在能明确表达意思的前提下，英语宜尽量采用替代、省略或变换等方法来避免无意图的(unintentional)重复。这样不仅能使行文简洁、有力，而且比较符合英语民族的语言心理习惯。英语避免重复的手段有：变换（Variation）、替代（substitution）