密尔沃基艺术博物馆.doc

密尔沃基美术馆新馆建筑仿生学会动的建筑Milwaukee Art Museum - Quadracci Pavilion座落地点：密尔沃基，威斯康星州，美国建筑设计：Santiago Calatrava完工时间：2001是变形金刚3 月黑之夜中的重要建筑场景之一。通过电影，该建筑知名度在全球范围内有巨大的提升。此地原有一个旧馆，是在1957年由当地的建筑师事务所设计的，这一次卡拉特拉瓦加建的Quadracci展厅，名号不大，其实却造成了绝对喧宾夺主的局面。卡拉特拉瓦的密尔沃基美术馆位于密执安湖畔，粼粼波光似乎是全球各地很多博物馆建筑不约而同偏爱的环境条件。在美术馆旁边还有另外一个好的老的建筑，是沙里宁1957年设计的战争纪念馆。为了尽情发掘地段环境与生俱来的优美潜力，卡拉特拉瓦把建筑放成了在水一方。正对着地段西面，是当地的重要干道，林肯纪念大道。卡拉特拉瓦沿着大道的方向新建起了一条拉索引桥，跨度长达73米，把人们的视线直接引导到了新建的建筑上来，笔直地正对着新美术馆的主要入口。引桥的做法，和他在1992年为塞维利亚世界博览会设计的竖琴般的Alamillo大桥有着类似的构造思路，不过是个具体而微的版本罢了。然而桥下并没有水，湖水更在美术馆的身后。那，这一道引桥只是个空间序曲喽？直冲着引桥的主入口其实有一对，分别位于桥面层和地面层的标高位置上，上下摞着，都被设在了桥的端头处。用拉索支撑的桥在桥头构成了传统的垂直塔门，给入口划出了一个醒目的画框。由于卡拉特拉瓦对混凝土承重结构的熟练把握，这个白色混凝土材质的塔门淋漓尽致地凸显了雄浑茁壮的气质，一下子就把整个建筑的性格鲜明地和盘托出了。正对着塔门的轴线，比入口稍微靠后的地方，是这个引桥的拉索结构中的中脊。这个必不可少的构件以47度倾角升起，与桥面构成了空间关系上的平衡。中脊高达50米，与引桥的方向背道而驰，绷住了全部十条拉索，把桥面的荷载牢牢地固定在高挑的桅杆上，也把人的视线和心情一起爽快地挑拨到了天上。一路行来孜孜仆仆的辛苦劲儿，陡然换作了远飞高翔的舒畅和自由。和一般建筑不一样的，这个美术馆在户外部分居然也设计了一组遮阳的百页，而没有把百页全都放进玻璃窗的内侧去。在桅杆下面有相当大面积的玻璃屋顶，罩着的就是上下两层门厅后身共通的中庭空间，没遮拦满满地灌进阳光去怎行，那是不能不加以节制的，于是卡拉特拉瓦干脆把这一部分的遮阳百页放在室外，直接串在了桅杆上，如同一叶纤细的羽毛片。随着一天里时间的流转，白驹过隙的感受也荡漾在这片羽毛间，它会随时跟着阳光调整自己的角度，如有灵性，在城市中静谧的湖边悄然微颤。门厅以内的室内空间，更是几乎通身纯白的格局，而遮阳板设计上那一丝纤巧的痕迹则荡然无存了。早在1983年设计苏黎世的一个火车站的时候，卡拉特拉瓦就已经充分开掘了混凝土结构的雕塑表现力，把50年代由沙里宁和布鲁诺奈尔维发扬到了巅峰水准的结构美做得进一步地纯和美。在米尔沃基美术馆里，他以厚重的混凝土拱作为基本元素反复叠加，一通操控下，沿着南北轴线长长向北伸展的展览空间产生了统一的形象特征，都归结在了遵循结构规则的绵长韵律中。最简单、最朴实的结构功能，造就了极其雅致而壮丽的美。由于混凝土的拱远远伸出的远端正好为展廊托出了檐口，因此展廊里能照得到的，基本上只是室外地面反射回来的漫射光，既能保证足够的自然采光，又避免了阳光直射对藏品的破坏。长排长排拱的重复让人联想到教堂时代的结构方式，自然地，又为这个空间添了几分神圣感。据说，这个美术馆里陈列的多是上好的艺术品，放进这样的展廊，也不算辱没了。The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) is an art museum with a collection of over 30,000 works of art serving over 350,000 visitors a year. The campus of three buildings is located on Lake Michigan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Museums stated mission is to collect and preserve art, presenting it to the community as a vital source of inspiration and education.citation neededThe 341,000-square-foot (31,700m2) Museum includes the War Memorial Center (1957) designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen, the Kahler Building (1975) by David Kahler, and the Quadracci Pavilion (2001) created by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. The Reiman Bridge, also designed by Calatrava, connects to the pavilion and provides pedestrian access to and from downtown Milwaukee.citation neededFrom its roots in Milwaukees first art gallery in 1888, the Museum has grown today to be an icon for Milwaukee and a resource for the entire state.citation neededThe Museum offers works in various permanent Collection galleries, as well as a variety of changing special exhibitions throughout the year.citation Beginning around 1872, multiple organizations were founded in order to bring an art gallery to Milwaukee, as the city was still a growing port town with little or no facilities to hold major art exhibitions. Over the span of at least nine years, all attempts to build a major art gallery had failed. In 1881, exhibitions were held at Milwaukees Exposition Hall, which was Milwaukees primary event venue at the time. Shortly after that year, Alexander Mitchell donated all of her collection into constructing Milwaukees first permanent art gallery in the citys history.citation neededIn 1888, the Milwaukee Art Association was created by a group of German panorama artists and local businessmen. The same year, British-born businessman Frederick Layton built, endowed, and provided artwork for the Layton Art Gallery. In 1911, the Milwaukee Art Institute, another building constructed to hold other exhibitions and collections, was completed. The institute was built right next to the Layton Art Gallery. Alfred George Pelikan, who received his Masters in Fine Arts (MFA) from Columbia University, was the Director of the Milwaukee Art Institute from 1926 to 1942.citation neededThe Milwaukee Art Center (now the Milwaukee Art Museum) was formed when the Milwaukee Art Institute and Layton Art Gallery merged their collections in 1957 and moved into the newly built Eero Saarinen-designed Milwaukee County War Memorial.citation neededThe Art CollectioneditThe museum is home to over 35,000 works of art housed on four floors of over forty galleries with works from antiquity to the present. Included in the Collection are 15th to 20thcentury European and 17th to 20thcentury American paintings, sculpture, prints, drawings, decorative arts, photographs, and folk and self-taught art. Among the best in the nation are the Museums holding of American decorative arts, German Expressionism, folk and Haitian art, and American art after 1960.citation neededImportant artists represented include Gustav Caillebotte, Nardo di Cione, Francisco de Zurbarn, Jean-Honor Fragonard, Winslow Homer, Auguste Rodin, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Frank Lloyd Wright, Pablo Picasso, Joan Mir, Mark Rothko, Robert Gober, and Andy Warhol. The Museum also holds one of the largest collections of works by Wisconsin native Georgia OKeeffe.citation neededIt also has paintings by these European painters: Francesco Botticini, Jan Swart Van Groningen, Ferdinand Bol, Jan Goyen, Hendrick Van Vliet, Franz Von Lenbach (Bavarian Girl), Ferdinand Waldmller (Interruption), Carl Spitzweg, Christian Bokelman (Broken Bank), Bouguereau, Gerome (2 Majesties), Gustave Caillebotte, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Kowalski (Winter in Russia), Jules Bastien-Lepages The Wood Gatherer, and Max Pechstein.citation neededAwardseditThe MAM recently gained international recognition with the construction of the white concrete Quadracci Pavilion, designed by Santiago Calatrava (his first completed project in the United States), which opened on May 4, 2001. The pavilion was engineered by the Milwaukee-based engineering firm, Graef, while the construction manager was also Milwaukee-based, C.G. Schmidt. The structure contains a movable, wing-like brise soleil which opens up for a wingspan of 217 feet (66m) during the day, folding over the tall, arched structure at night or during inclement weather. The brise soleil has since become a symbol for the city of Milwaukee.12 In addition to a gallery devoted to temporary exhibits, the pavilion houses the museums store and its restaurant, Cafe Calatrava. The pavilion received the 2004 Outstanding Structure Award from the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.citation neededIn popular cultureeditThe museu