英语辅导(5)构建语法知识体系(8.6).doc

构建语法知识体系一、英语句子的结构图： 状态：主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 动作：主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）主干 动作：主语 + 谓语（及物动词） + 宾语 动作：主语 + 谓语（及物动词） + 双宾语 动作：主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语 + 宾语补足语句子= 修饰名词：定语（把名词的范围缩小，短语和句子作定语放在名词的后面）枝叶 修饰动词：状语（状语最重要的是表达了某种逻辑关系，时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、程度、频率） 解释名词：同位语（同位语对名词作进一步解释，和前面的名词范围是相等关系）注：根据英语句子的结构图，构建语法知识体系的思路：因为每个句子成分就相当于一个装东西的箱子，每个箱子里面装进语法知识，分三类装：单词、短语和句子。二、详细版：每个语法成分的箱子分单词、短语和句子三类装进语法知识：1、主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当疑问词不作主语时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语（there be结构）、助动词或情态动词后面。请找出以下句子的主语1）During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）2）We often speak English in class.（代词）3）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（名词）4）The rich should help the poor. （the+形容词表示一类人。）5）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（动词短语-不定式）It is necessary to master a foreign language.6）Playing basketball is exciting.（动词短语-doing动名词）7）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） 学习的重点：1、动词短语作主语的比较？2、主语从句？2、谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成：谓语由动词充当.，如果没有行为动词就会有连系动词be(is, am, are, was, were, been).请划出以下短文的谓语，分清楚谓语的两种构成。（1）Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Everyday I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!（2）My aunt Jennifer is an actress. She must be at least thirty-five years old. In spite of this, she often appears on the stage as a young girl. Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon. This time, she will be a girl of seventeen. In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stockings. Last year in another play, she had to wear short socks and a bright, orange-coloured dress. If anyone ever asks her how old she is, she always answers, “Darling, it must be terrible to be grown up!”3、表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be(is, am, are, was, were, been), become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后，当没有句子没有行为动词时，就会出现状态情况，就会使用连系动词。请划出下面句子的表语。1）Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2）Is it yours?（名词性物主代词）3）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4）The speech is exciting.（非谓语动词doing形式起形容词作用表示某个物的性质） 比较：He is very excited after he heard the news.（过去分词起形容词作用表示人的心理状态。）5）Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）6）His job is to teach English.（非谓语动词to do作表语。）7）His hobby（爱好）is playing football. （非谓语动词doing作表语。）8）The book who you are looking for is on the desk in the bedroom.（介词短语作表语）9）Time is up. The class is over.（副词作表语）10) He has been away for about two hours.（副词作表语）11）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）重点学习：形容词、to do、doing、done、介词短语、表语从句4、宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。有些动词后面可以带间接宾语（人）和直接宾语（物），这称为双宾语。请划出以下句子的宾语：1）They visited our school yesterday.（名词） 2）All the students love her. （代词） 3）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （数词）4）He hope to become a teacher in the future. （不定式作宾语） 5）I enjoy listening to popular music. （doing动名词作宾语）6）I think（that）he is a kind person.（宾语从句）重点学习：不定式to do、动名词doing、宾语从句5、宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。请划出以下句子的宾补：作宾补成分的词性和表语基本一样。 1）His father named him Tom.(名词) 2）They painted their boat white.（形容词） 3）Let the fresh air in.（副词） 4）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.(不定式)5）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词doing）6）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）7）I had the books moved to the classroom.(过去分词)8）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（宾语从句）辨别：宾语和宾补在意思上就是一个主谓意思！学习重点：形容词、名词、介短、不定式to do、现在分词doing、过去分词done。6、定语：修饰限制名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。1）Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2）There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）3）His father works in the factory.（代词）4）Our monitor is always the first person to enter the classroom.（不定式to do）5）The boys playing basketball on the playground are my classmates.（现在分词doing：相当于形容词和副词作用）6）I took part in the party held at Toms house last Sunday.(过去分词done)7）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词doing相当于名词）8）He is reading an article about traveling.（介词短语）9）The film which I saw last night was very interesting.（定语从句）辨别：单词作定语放在名词的前面；短语和句子作定语放在名词的后面。学习重点：形容词、代词、不定式to do、现在分词和动名词doing、过去分词done、定语从句。7、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。状语可以表示时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、程度、结果、目的、方式、比较、伴随、频率等的意思，这点非常重要，要在句子学习中好好体会。请划出以下句子的状语：1）Light travels most quickly.（副词） 2）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） 3) He is in the room making a model plane. (现在分词doing) 5) We saw a film yesterday. （名词） 6) When my father came back, I was doing my homework. （状语从句） 7）I must work harder to catch up with the others. （不定式） 8）Told to go for a picnic, the students felt happy. (过去分词)辨认：修饰动词的枝叶。表达了各种的逻辑关系：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、程度、频率、条件、比较、方式、伴随等学习重点：副词、现在分词doing、过去分词done、不定式to do、状语从句8、同位语：用来解释名词的成分叫同位语。 1)LiYang, a kind teacher, is popular with his students.（名词） 2)LinHao, a real hero, moved everyone of us. 3) They have decided a plan that they will go to Beijing.(同位语从句)重点学习：名词、同位语从句三、缩小版：语法知识分类图：（一）独立团-谓语。1、谓语的构成。（注意和汉语对比）2、谓语的时态。3、谓语的被动语态。 4、主谓一致。5、谓语动词和非谓语动词的比较。 6、虚拟语气。7、倒装句。 8、动词短语的构成。（二）第一集团军主干：（主干是一个句子必不可少的，任何完整的英语句子都会是5个句型之中的一个。） 1、单词作：主语：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词。宾语：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词。表语：名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词。宾补：名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词。2、短语作：主语：动名词doing、不定式to do。宾语：动名词doing、不定式to do。表语：介词短语、动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。宾补：介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。3、句子作：主语：主语从句