初中语法精简考点 韩玉强修改2012-3-7.doc

名词 名词的用法：1作主语The bike is nice. 2作表语This is a big tree. 3作宾语I use my computer every day. 4作宾语补足语I find him a very clever boy. 5作定语My father is a Party member. 6作状语He sat here a long time.7作介词宾语Give the money to your sister. 把钱给你姐姐。 名词的分类名词指表示人或事物的名称。总的说来名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词是个人，地方，机构等专有的名称，第一个字母要大写。常见的专有名词有：国家名称China,语言Chinese,人名/地名 Zhou Enlai, Jim,由普通名词构成的专有名词the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum; the Peoples Hospital; 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可以分为可数与不可数名词：可数名词可以用数词直接量化，可数名词有单数和复数之分。可数名词的复数一般直接加s, 特殊的情况有：s, x, ch, sh结尾加es, (stomachs)例外; o结尾大多数加s, 只有四个加es, 他们是 “黑人、英雄、土豆和西红柿”，negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes; 以f 或fe结尾的词，变f 或fe为v, 再加es；以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i，再加es；几个不规则的有mouse-mice, child-children, man-men, woman-women, Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen, （German-Germans）foot-feet, tooth-teeth; 几个单复形同的名词是deer, sheep, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, 看似复数的名词： maths, physics, politics, news, The United States, The United Nations, glass,一些可数名词常被误以为是不可数名词： vegetables, noodles, people, sandwiches, , suggestions, messages, instructions, instruments, compliments, appointments, differences, difficulties, jobs, 集合名词：class, family, couple, audience, police, people, staff，cattle, clothes, trousers, shorts, shoes, socks, glasses,同形不同义的单词: chicken, duck, fish，paper, glass, lesson, experience, break, room, light, tense, mean, ball, bank, bear, date, fan, own, tense, work, excuse, country, close, open, can, hard, people, 同义词区分：home family, house, room, sound, noise, shout, voice, photo, picture, drawing, population, people, street, road, way, path, work, job, cook, cooker, question, problem, sport, game, 复合名词:a sports car, two sports cars, a clothes store, a man doctor, two men docotors, a woman teacher, two women teachers, an apple tree, two apple trees, a boy student, two boy students, a five-year-old boy, a ten-pound note, 特殊指人的词： cook, cooker, typist, typewriter, the Wangs; 名词所有格：This is Lily and Lucys bedroom. The two bedrooms are Lilys and Lucys, go to the doctors, go to Jims, five minutes walk, the childrens hospital, a friend of mine, a friend of my fathers,常见的不可数名词： advice, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic，fun，work，advice，weather，homework，news，money，bread，hair，chalk，fruit 等。其它还有：energy, equipment, experience, failure, food, fun, health, ice, music, paper, rain, salt, sand, sleep, snow, time, water, wealth, wind, work但是noodles, vegetables为可数名词。不可数名词的考点是感叹句有无a/an和主谓一致。数量表达 1两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of等。 2修饰可数名词数量词有：many, several. hundreds of, a number of, a pair of, a few, few等。 3用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much, a great deal of, a bit of, a drop of, a piece of, a set of, quite a little, little,等。另外我们可用box, bag, basket等对其量化。4. 半小时的表达。half an hour, three hours and a half= three and a half hours冠词重点知识归纳及讲解 a/ an 泛指：1. 用于第一次提到的不表示特定的人或物的可数的单数名词之前。2.用于可数名词单数前表示一类东西。3.用于做表语的单数名词前。4.用于What引导的感叹句中，单数可数名词之前。注意一些特例： a useful car, a university student, a uniform, a one-eyed dog, a UFO, a “u”, an umbrella, an unhappy day, an hour, an honest boy, an 8-year-old boy, a longer/ better/cheaper one, a second one, a knife and fork, a shirt and tie, 用于某些固定短语中。如：have a try；take a break；have a good time；make a living；as a matter of fact；in a word, quite/such/half an/ a boy, a black and a white cat, a black and white cat, a few, a little , a breakthe特指: 1. 前面提到过的人或事物，第二次提到且在第二句中作主语。 2.一般指双方都知道的人或物，（Open the door, please.） 3. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前。3. 用在单数可数名词前，表示类别。4. 名词的后面由短语或定语从句来修饰时，要用the。5. 用于最高级序数词only, same, last等前。6. 用于形容词前表示一类人。7. 用于乐器之前。8. 用于由普通名词转换成的专有名词之前。9. 用于复数姓氏之前，表示一家人。10. the+比较级，the+比较级的句型中及含有of the two的比较中。 一些特例： The sun, the east, the biggest room, the boy in a blue shirt, the Greens, the young, the old, on the left, play the violin, the bigger room, the taller of the two, the Changjiang River, hit sb. in the face, the morethe better; the first, the only, the last, the same as the teacher and writer, the teacher and the writer零冠词： 身份，球类，三餐，学科，by bike, go to school, play football, at home, at night, after school, in bed, in town,等。 A number of, the number of, in front of, in the front of, in hospital, in the hospital, go to school, go to the school, go to bed, go to the bed，go to church, go to the church, at table, at the table, in bed, in the bed, by sea, by the sea, at night/ noon/ midnight, at school, in school, in town代词一、本周内容概述 代词通常可分为以下八类： 1）人称代词2）物主代词3）反身代词4）相互代词5）指示代词6）疑问代词7）关系代词 8）不定代词 二、重点知识归纳及讲解 （一）人称代词顺序是： 单数形式 you, he and I 复数形式 we, you and they 2）人称代词的宾语在句子中充当宾语、介词宾语或表语。 例如：Can you help us? 你能帮助我们吗？ We are waiting for them. 我们正在等他们。Who is there? Its me. 是谁呀？是我。Give it to _(his, her, mine, your)（二）物主代词 My book=mine, your book =yours, his book=his, her book =hers, its food =its our homework=ours your homework=yours their school = theirs My house is bigger than _. (my, your, his, her)2反身代词的用法 1）在句子中作宾语，表示动作回射到动作的执行者本身。 My grandmother is too old to look after herself. 2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强语气，常可译为“亲自”、“本人”等。 例如：We ourselves will build the factory. He spoke to me myself. 3）反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组。 例如： by oneself 亲自 for oneself 为自己 call oneself 称自己 teach oneself 自学help oneself to 随意吃 lose oneself 迷路 speak to oneself 自言自语 （四）指示代词 指示代词是this, that, these, those等。 指示代词可以充当句子中的主语、定语、宾语或表语。在回答它们的问句时，用it代替this/that, 用they/them代替these/those 例如： This is a difficult question. Is that basketball yours? Yes, it is. Do you like these? Yes, I like them.The weather in Beijing is quite different from that in Dongguan.The apples here are much better than those from Shangdong. （五）不定代词 不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。 1不定代词有以下形式： some, any, somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, all, both, neither, none, either, each, everybody, everyone, everything, other, another, much ,one 3常见不定代词的用法讲解 1）some和any 2）either和neither 3）it, one和ones（one的复数形式） 4) all, both, none, neither, each, either, each, 5) many, much, more, the most, 6) each, every, every one 7）the other, the others, other, others, (someother), another 复合不定代词要求后置定语。We will have something important to do this afternoon. （六）疑问代词 疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，如who, whom, whose, what和which等。 在疑问句中，疑问代词一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。 例如： Who is your maths teacher?（表语） Whose bag is that?（定语） Who teaches you English?（主语）Whom are you talking about?（宾语） （七）相互代词 相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，其形式如下表。 主格和宾格each other , one another 所有格each others, one anothers Do you often help each other? We are interested in one anothers work. 数词一、基数词 用来表示数量的词叫基数词。 1. 基数词的读写法。1319是由个位数加后缀-teen构成；2090由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。其它非整十的两位数2199是由整十位数加连字符“-”，81 eighty-one。101999的基数词先写百位数，后加and再写十位数和个位数。如： 691 six hundred and ninety-one。1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。 如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。 在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。 多位数的读法： 1000以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号“，”。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。 每隔三位分段以后就都成了101999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如： 888，000，000读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。 2. 基数词的用法 表示数量：I have 50 books. 表示年龄: My father is in his fifties. China developed quickly in the 1990s. 表示顺序: I am in Class Four. Please take Bus No. Forty. We learned Lesson Two yesterday. hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有具体数字时不能在词尾加-s。 例如： two hundred students 二百个学生 five thousand years 五千年。有时表示大量的，但不确指，即它们前面没有具体数字，后面有of时，要加上s, 例如：hundreds of students, thousands of people, million of stars, billions of dollars二、序数词 1. first, second, third, fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, nineteenth, twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth, hundredth, twenty-first, one hundred and first, 2编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。 例如： 第一课：Lesson One 第三十二页：Page 32 第305房间：Room 305 ,Bus No.12 3. 序数词前面一般要加the: He is always the first one to get to school. 但如果有物主代词或所有格时，则不带the： Mr Li is my first English teacher. That is Johns first bus. 序数词前用an, a的时候，表示另一个，再一个：This apple is delicious. Could I have a second one. Athough he failed in his math math three times, he wanted a fourth try. 三、年、月、日和时间的表达法 1年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。 例如： 1999 nineteen ninety-nine 2000 two thousand 2001 two thousand and one 3日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。 例如：在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first.例如：在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。 On the night of May Day. 4年代用基数词的复数表示。 20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties; twenty twenties 5时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。5：00 five (oclock) 6：18 six eighteen /eighteen past six 12：15 twelve fifteen/ fifteen (a quarter) past twelve 4：30 four thirty/ half past four 5：50 five fifty /ten to six 6：45 six forty-five /a quarter to seven 四、分数、小数和百分数的表达法 1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。 One fifth, two fifths. 2）小数的读法：小数点前面的数按照基数词的读法，小数点后面的数按照数本身读，小数点读point。 例如： 0.38 zero point three eight 96.89 ninety-six point eight nine 3)百分数，在数词后加percent。 例如： 15%读作：fifteen percent 五、表示倍数 1）几倍大小（长短，数量）=几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。 例如： The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 2）比几倍=倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。 例如： His house is three times bigger than mine.他的房子比我的房子大三倍。 3）是倍=倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。 例如： This factory is four times as big as that one. 这个工厂是那个工厂的四倍。 六、表示约数 1）“多于”用more than或over。2）“小于”用less than。 例如： Three are less than 30 people in the classroom. 3）“或以上”用or more。4）“或以下”用or less。例如： We can finish the work in two weeks or less. 5）“大约”用about, around, nearly等。6）“左右”用or so. 例如： In the past ten years or so, they have changed a lot. 形容词形容词是用来说明人或事物的特征、性质或状态的，常用来修饰名词或不定代词。 如：a big tree, a nice apple, good students, something important 形容词的位置及用途： 1. 作定语，放在名词前或不定代词后。 The tall girl is my sister. I have something interesting to tell you. (注意有少数几个形容词不能放在名词之前作定语，只能在be动词等系动词后作表语。ill, alone, alive, asleep, afraid, awake, well2. 作表语，放在系动词之后。He is/keeps/stays/seems happy. It sounds /looks/smells/tastes/feels good /get/become/go, 3. 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。常和动词make, keep, leave等连用。The story makes me sad. Please keep the window open/ closed. Dont leave the windows open when you leave. 常见的名词变形容词的情况： 1. 天气： rain-rainy, snow-snowy, cloud-cloudy, wind-windy, fog-foggy, sun-sunny, 2. 方位：east-eastern, south-southern, west-western, north-northern3. 称谓： friend-friendly, love-lovely, mother-motherly, brother-brotherly 4. 抽象： care-careful, thankful, beautiful, wonderful, use-useful, hope-hopeful, luck-lucky, care-careless, home-homeless, hopeless(注意：friendly， lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，为形容词。有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。)形容词原形的用法形容词的原级：1形容词和something, anything, nothing, everything, (somebody, someone)等不定代词连用时，放在其后。如：something important, nothing new, somebody strange2. 形容词else常位于不定代词或疑问代词后作定语。something else, what/ where/ who else, 3. enough和其它形容词一起时，放在该形容词或副词之后，old enough, strong enough4. 形容词名词化: 某些形容词放在定冠词之后，变成名词，表示一类人，常见的有： good/bad/rich/poor/young/ old/ deaf/ blind/ black/ white/ living/ dead5. be+ 形容词+动词不定式（to do） be glad/happy/pleased/sorry/sad/sure/kind/ready/afraid/able/easy/difficult to do 但是be busy/ worth doing 6-ed形容词和-ing形容词 前者是感到怎么样，后者是事物或人本身怎么样。 surprised, surprising; interested, interesting, excited, exciting, pleased, pleasing, frightened, frightening, moved, moving, tired, tiring, fascinated, fascinating, impressed, impressingWe are all interested in the interesting story. The exciting match made us all excited. 7. 修饰形容词原级的副词：very, too, quite, so, enough，asas, 注意一些单词的区别：ill, sick, older, elder, farther, further, 形容词的比较级与最高级： 构成：一般以e结尾单词加r/st； 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变i加er/est； 形容词的最后三个字母为辅元辅字母时，且该音节重读，则双写最后一个字母加er/est；多音节的形容词则通过在原形前加more/most构成比较级和最高级；过去分词的构成的形容词的比较级加more和most；几个特殊的比较级和最高级，good/well-better-best, ill/bad- worse- worst, old- older(elder) -oldest(eldest), far- farther (further)- farthest (furthest), little- less-least, many/much-more-most 比较级主要用法：含有than的句子和省略了than的句子要用比较级， 如：I am taller than you. Liu Xiang runs very fast. Nobody runs faster. 只有两者且有 or连接，前面用比较级，如：Which is bigger, this ruler or that one? 加the的比较级：1. 句子中有of the two 或of 加两者时，用比较级， 如：Who is the taller one of the two boys? Of my parents, my father is the older one. 表达“越越”时，用句型“the +比较级， the+比较级”, 如：The harder you work, the better grades you can get. 表达“越来越”时，用“比较级 and 比较级”，如：Its getting hotter and hotter. The food in our school is getting more and more delicious. a + 比较级的句型：This ruler is too short. Do you have a longer one? 最高级的用法：含有一个范围的句型：如in the city, of us all, among the students, 形容词用最高级。如：Mike is the tallest in our class. 句型：其中最的之一 用one of the 最高级+名词复数，Mike is one of the tallest boys in his class. China is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. 序数词后面用最高级: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 主要句型： 1.Jim is taller than the other students in his class. Jim is taller than any other student in his class. Jim is taller than anybody else in his class. 2.Jim is in Class Two, he is taller than any student in Class Three. 3.The harder you work, the better grades you will get. 4.Jims Mother is the taller of the two women. 5.This shirt is small. Could you show a bigger one? 6.The weather is getting warmer and warmer. 7.Which is taller, this tree or that one? 8.Which is the tallest, Jim, Mike or Jack? 9.Jim is the tallest in his class. Mike is the second tallest in his class. Tom is one of the most hard-working students in his class. 10.Our school is as big as yours. Our school is twice/three times as big as yours. 11.The lights in your room are much brighter than those in my room. 12.The weather in Beijing is nicer than that in Harbin. 副词 一、副词的分类： 时间副词： now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, ago, soon, immediately, lately, early, lately, sometimes, often, always, usually, always, yet, never, ever等。 时间副词是确定句子时态的重要标志。地点副词：inside, outside, upstairs, here, there, home, near, away, in, back, off, up, anywhere等。 地点副词和动词连用时，不用加介词。He went home quickly. 方式副词：quickly, fast, happily, carefully, loudly, suddenly, badly, luckily, easily, again, unfortunately, fortunately, excitedly等。方式副词大多由 adj.+ly构成。程度副词：so, too, very, quite, rather, much, a lot, a little, far, still, even。有些程度副词只修饰形容词原级，有些能修饰形容词的比较级。疑问副词：when, where, why, how, how long, how soon, how often, how far, how much, how many等，它们用来构成特殊疑问句。关系副词: how, why, where, when等，用来引导从句。二、副词的作用： 1. 作状语，可以修饰动词，修饰其他副词或整个句子。He works hard. She learns English easily. Luckily, he wasnt hurt in the accident. 2. 作表语。 这些副词多表示位置或状态，如：in, out, on, back, down, up, off, away, downstairs, upstairs. Is Jim in? Whats on this evening? I must be off now. 3. 作宾语补足语。Let him in. We saw her off two days ago. 注意： 1. 方式副词的最高级前面不用加the, 其余的用法和形容词基本一样。2.very不直接修饰动词。不说I very like English. 说I like English very much. 3. enough放在所修饰的副词之后：I know him well enough. He is carefully enough to finish all the work well. He can fast enough to catch up with the thief. 4. 修饰副词原形的有very, quite, too, rather, 修饰比较级的有much, even, still, far, a little, a lot其它几组易混副词：1. hard, hardly 2. close, closely 3. late, lately 4. high, highly 5. how long, how soon, how often, how far 6. much too, too much, too many 7. too, also, as well, either 8 . too, enough, so, quite (a few) 9. already, yet, still 10. ago, before 11. alone, lonely 12.so, such 13. already, yet，still 14. alone, lonely 15. too, enough, so 16. long before, before long常见的动词+副词搭配构成的词组： take away, put away, send away, move away, take down, write down, send up, put up, dress up, ring up, pull up from, find out, wear out, sell out, try out, take out, put on, put off, put out, put up, put down, try on, hold on, pass on, turn on, turn off, give back, get back, love over, look up, come back, come round, come over, come down, come in, come on, come out, get up, get home, hurry off, hurry up, fall off, fall over, fall down, wake up, stand up, grow up, sit down, break down, go home, come here, go upstairs介词分类：1：简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。 2： 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系（1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。（2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at（3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.一、表达时间的介词1. 表示时间的常用介词有at, in, after, until, till, before, during , during, from, to, at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如：at six oclock, at Easter2. in表示“在某一时间段”，或“在某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。如：in July/summer/2000/ancient times/the 1999s,in the morning/afternoon/eveningin也可以指“在之后”，表示从说话起时， The bus will be here in ten minutes.3.on表示在星期几，或“在特定的某一天”，也可用于某一天的早、中、晚或节日前。如：on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st, on a hot night, on Mid-autumn Day4. since, from, 和for1)since 指从某时一直延续至今，后接时间点，主句用完成时。He has lived here since 1993.2)from 说明开始的时间，谓语可用过去、现在、将来的某种时态。From now on, I will learn English in the morning.3)for 指动作延续整个过程，接时间段，主句用完成时。I have studied English for six years.5. 1)after 表示以过去为起点某段时间后。They finished the work after two years.2)after 与时间点连用表示将来某个时间之后。如：Ill ring you up after two oclock.6.“by + 时间点”表示“到以前为止”，如果by跟一过去的时间点应用过去完成时。如：We had learned 1000 English words by the end of last term.7.“during +时间段”与延续性动词连用。He lives with us during these years.8. until 用于否定句中，意为“直到才”，其前的谓语动词多用瞬间性动词；用于肯定句中，意为“直到为止”，其前的谓语动词须用延续性动词。如： I didnt leave until my mother came home. I waited for my mother until she came home.9. before和after 表示时间，分别意为“在之前”和“在之后”。如： Please bring your homework before ten oclock.二、表示地点的介词1. 表示方位的in, on, off, to in表示在区域的里面；on表示在区域的边界附近，可以是属于这个