如何撰写学术类课程论文.pdf

A Brief Introduction on How to Write Research Papers Theses and Dissertations 沈逸 博士 讲师 复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院 前提 学习 思考 分析 归纳 阅读 起点 提出一个问题 知识 现象 问题 三类问题 Conceptual Questions What should we Think I m working on the topic of X Because I want to find out how why whether Y so what if you do So that I can help others understand how why whether Z Practical Questions What should We Do I am working on the Topic of X Because I want to find out Y So that I can tell readers what to do to fix improve Z Applied Questions What must we understand before we know what to do I want to find out how Americans have changed their daily lives in response to the terrorist attacks on 911 Then we can understand the psychological factors that cause ordinary Americans to exaggerate their personal risk from a terrorist attack Then we can understand how to reduce the effects of those psychological factors Then Perhaps the government can use that information to communicate more effectively the real risk from terrorism Moving from a Topic to a Question to a Working Hypothesis Find a question in Your Topic Search Your Interests Make Your Topic Manageable Question Your Topic Evaluate your Questions Propose Some Working Answers Decide on a Working Hypothesis Beware the Risks in a Working Hypothesis If You Can t Find an Answer Argue for your question Building a Storyboard to Plan and Guide your Work State Your Question and Working Hypotheses State Your Reasons Sketch in the Kind of Evidence You Should Look For Look at the Whole Finding USEFUL Resources Understand the Kinds of Sources Readers Expect You to Use Consult Primary Sources for Evidence 原始资料 Original Works 借助观测和实验收集数据 收集首次出版的可靠来源的书面资料 Record Your Sources Fully Accurately and Appropriately Search For Sources Systematically Look for Someone Who Knows Something About your Topic Skim the Internet Talk to Reference Librarians Browse in Your Reference Area Skim a Few Specialized Reference Works Search Your Library Catalog Search Guides to Periodical Literature Browse the Shelves For Advanced Projects Follow Bibliographic Trails Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability Evaluate the Relevance of Sources Evaluate the Reliability of Print Sources Reputation of the Author Press Current source Peer Reviewed The frequency of being cited Evaluate the Reliability of Online Sources The site is sponsored by a reputable organization It is related to a reliable professional journal It supplements reliable print sources It avoids heated advocacy for or against a contested social issue It does not make wild claims attack other researchers use abusive language or make errors of spelling punctuation and grammar It indicates when the site was last updated Engaging Sources Read Generously to Understand Then Critically to Engage and Evaluate Look for Creative Agreement Look for Creative Disagreement Take Notes Systematically Create Templates for Notes Know when to Summarize Paraphrase or Quote Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism Take Useful Notes Use Note Taking to Advance Your Thinking Take Notes Relevant to Your Question and Working Hypothesis Record relevant Context Categorize Your Notes for Sorting Write As You Read Review Your Progress Search Your Notes for an Answer Invent the Question Re sort Your Notes Planning Your Argument What a Research Argument Is and Is Not Build Your Argument around Answers to Readers Questions Assemble the Elements of Your Argument State and Evaluate Your Claim Support Your Claim with Reasons and Evidence Acknowledge and Respond to Readers Points of View Establish the Relevance of Your Reasons Distinguish Arguments Based on Evidence From Arguments Based on Warrants Assemble an Argument Planning a First Draft Avoid Unhelpful Plans Create a Plan that meets Your Readers Needs Converting a Storyboard into an Outline Sketch a Working Introduction Identify Key Terms Expressing Concepts That Unite the Report and Distinguish Its Parts Use key Terms to Create Subheads That Uniquely Identify Each Section Order Your Reasons Make Your Order Clear with Transitional W