语言学考试范围.docx

Front vowel i: i e A B central vowel : E Q back vowels u: J C: C : Close vowel i: i u: J Semi-close vowel e : Semi-open vowels E C: Open vowels A B Q C B : Stop （Plosive） 塞音（爆破音） b p t d k gNasal 鼻音 mn Fricative 擦音 f v s z Approximant 中通音 j r wLateral 边通音 lTrill 颤音 r Tap and Flap 触音 Affricate 塞擦音 t dClosed words : their membership is fixed or limited. E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc. Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of1. The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing we write with indicates language is _. A. arbitrary B. rule-governe . combined D. illogical 2. We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is _. A. creative B. arbitrary C. understandable D. unique 3. _ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. A. Duality B. Displacement C. Creativity D. Arbitrariness 4. By _ function people establish and maintain their status in society. A. experiential B. referential C. metalingual D. interpersonal 5. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B.Productivit C.Cultural transmission. D. Finiteness.6. The distinction between parole and langue was made by _. A. Hallida B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussur1./m,n/ are _.A. fricatives B. dentals C. approximant D. nasals2. /w,j/ belong to _.A. fricatives B. dentals C. approximant中通音 D. nasals3. Which of the following vowels is the rounded vowel?A. i B. u C. a: D. i:4. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT _.A. the position of the tongue B. theopennessof the mouthC. the shape of the lipD. the width of the vowels5. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a _.A. phoneme B. allophone C. phone D. allomorph6. /p,t,k/ are _.A. fricatives B. affricates C. approximant D. stop7. /kuku:/ is a birds call. The name of such a bird is cuckoo which is an example of _.A. language universals B. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammars D. morphs8. The vowel u: in fu:d (food) is a _vowel.A. back B. front C. unrounded D. central9. In English, there is only one glottal. It is_.A. f B. r C. h D. v10. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A. m B. v C. p D. b11. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme.A. Minimal B. allomorph C. phones D. allophones12. i:, i, e are all _ vowels.A. front B. central C. back D. high13. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A. m B. p C. w D. v14. There are _ nasals in English.A. one B. two C. three D. four1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the “open class words”? A. Nouns B. Adjective C. Conjunctions D. Adverbs2. What is the minimal unit of meaning? A. Phoneme B. Morpheme C. Allophone D. Allomorph3. There are _ morphemes in the word “undesirability”. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 64. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A. rainbow B. basketball C. icy-cold D. unpleasant5. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _A. cares B. careful C. faster D. books6. The word “irresistible” is _ .A. a compound one B. a clipped oneC. a blended one D. a derived one 7. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bed B. tree C. dance D. children8. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. ly B. ness C. ing D. ful 9. Of the following word-formation processes, _is the most productive.A. conversion B. blending C. compound D. derivation10. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called _morphemes.A inflectiona B. bound C free D. derivational 11. The word “motherboard”is _.A. a clipped one B. a blended oneC. a compounded one D. an acronym12. The word “kung-fu”is _ .A. a clipped one B. a blended onC. a compound one D. a borrowed one1.Syntax is the study of _. (2005) A. language functions B. sentence structures C. textual organization D. word formation2. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?(2008) A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentence C. A complex sentence D. None of the above3. Syntactic categories contain the type of _ . A. meaning that words express B. affixes that the words take C. structures in which the words can occur D. All of the above4. The syntactic component provides the _ for a sentence. A. lexicon B. structure C. meaning D. sound1.The speech act theory was first put forward by _ .(2005) A.John Searle B.John Austi C.Noam Chomsky D.M.A.K. Halliday 2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _ .(2006) A.reference B.meaning C.antonymy D.context 3.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing _ .(2009) A.an illocutionary act B.a perlocutionary act C.a locutionary act D.none of the above4. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isnt it?In the dialogue between A and B, Bs answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.5. A: Where is Paul? B: Somewhere in our University. In the dialogue between A and B, Bs answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.6. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics? Context. Entailment. Presupposition. Discourse7.A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y. Bs answer violates maxim of _ . quantity quality manner relation8. _ act expresses the intention of the speaker. Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary Speech9. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _ . quality quantity manner relation10. Contextual features exclude _ when an utterance is made. the time the place the participants the purpose11. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finishes visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says,”_. ” This way, please Come here Follow me Move on12. According to Grices Cooperative Principle, speakers should try to make their contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange as the requirement of _. The maxim of quality The maxim of relevance The maxim of quantity The maxim of manner13. According to Austins speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT _ locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act relocationary act14.The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of _. (2006) dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms emotive synonyms collocational synonyms15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called _ . (2008) hyponymy synonymy polysemy homonymy16.Which of the following is NOT the concern of “sense”? It is the study of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.17.x: They are going to have another baby. Y: They have a child. The relationship of X and Y is _. synonymous inconsistent X entailing Y X presupposing Y 18.According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of _ . HUMAN ANIMATE MALE ADULT19.The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is _. co-hyponyms superordinate hyponyms antonyms20.The relationship between “begin” and “commence” is _. dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms collocational synonyms semantically different synonyms21.What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”? Synonymy Antonymy Polysemy Hyponymy 22. “fall” and “autumn” are _ synonyms. dialectal stylistic evaluatively different semantically different23.Homophones are often employed to create puns for detailed effects of _. humor sarcasm ridicule all of the above24.We call the relation between “animal” and “horse” as _. synonymy polysemy homonymy hyponymy25.The semantic features of the word “girl” can be expressed as _. + animate, - human, + adult, + male. + animate, + human, - adult, + male. + animate, + human, + adult, - male. + animate, + human, - adult, - male.26.What is the sentential relation between “He likes skating.” and “He likes sports.”? Presupposition. Entailment. Contradiction. Hyponymy.1.The pair of words “borrow/lend” is called _. relational opposites synonyms complementary opposites gradable opposites2.“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its _. conceptual meaning cognitive meaning associative meaning stylistic meaning3.The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by _. lexical items a grammatical structure homonymy polysemy 4.The word “luggage” and “baggage” are _. synonyms differing in emotive meaning dialectal synonyms collocationally restricted synonyms synonyms differing in styles5.Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of _. phonetics syntax semantics pragmatics距离相似性（the iconicity of distance）描述为： The linguistic between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them.（词句中语符之间的距离象似于它们所表示的概念距离。） give sb. sth. 与 give sth. to sb. 的距离象似性 give you a book give a book to you help sb. (to) do 结构与距离象似性 He helped me finish the meal. He helped me to finish the meal. This medicine will help you to sleep.长度象似性（the iconicity of length）The length of an utterance may correspond to the extent to which it conveys new or unfamiliar information. Reduced form may thus be an economically motivated index of familiarity.(语句的长度在一定程度上对应于所表达的新知或生疏的信息。因此，缩减形式可以是熟知信息的经济动因标记符。) apple，tree apple tree apple trees顺序象似性 语言单位排列顺序象似于时间顺序和文化观念 Jacobson (1965) The order of clauses corresponds in general to the order of events, as in “I came, I saw, I conquered.”(一般来说，分句的顺序象似于事件的顺序，例如：“我来，我看，我征服”。)What is Immediate Constituent (IC) Analysis? 直接成分分析法 The relation between a sentence and its component elements is a Construction（结构体） and its Constituents（成分）. To analyze their relations is IC. To show how small constituents in sentences go together to form large constituents. Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated