语法之“一致”问题1.doc

语法之“一致”问题 (上篇)一、语法一致指的是大多数情况下可直接根据主语的单复数来判断谓语单复数形式二、意义一致可能出现主复谓单或主单谓复的情况The class consists of 50 students.The class are watching TV.Fifty days at home was a long suffering period for him .Fifty days were used to design and carry out the program .三、就近原则1、 no one except his relatives support him .2、 neither nor3、 either or4、 not onlybut also5、 there be 四、 主语为集体名词1、 表示整体概念用单数；强调单个成员用复数常见的有：family, staff, team, audience, class, crowd, crew, cabinet（内阁）, village, public, couple, faculty（全体教员）, government, band, company, group, population 等Do you know whats the population of China ?80 percent of Chinese population are farmers.Korean team has done an excellent job in World Cup 2002 .The football team are required to train in the playground every day .当这些词加上s 表示复数意义时，谓语动词自然要用复数，无需再考虑是整体还是单个成员。The football teams are gathering to greet each other .The couples have got their own forms to complete .2、有些集体名词表示复数意义，所以谓语动词总是为复数形式，这样的集体名词通常表示有生命的群体：people, police, folk, gentry, clergy,militia, youth, personnel, cattle, vermin, poultry. The youth usually are easier to accept new things. The vermin have invades 30 million hectares of mostly uncultivated land . Pomestic poultry are seen everywhere in this village.* 名词单复数之间的对应 gentry-gentleman ,police-policeman, clergy-clergyman, militia-militiaman, cattle-cow.3、有些集体名词表示无生命的概念，它们作主语时谓语用单数：scenery , equipment, , furniture , clothing , poetry , stationary（驻军） , merchandise（商品） , hardware, machinery ,. jewelry, baggage, luggage等In water enough clothing is very necessary .4、主语以s结尾的名词，谓语常作单数的有(1) 学科名词：methematics , physics, politics, optics（光学） , electronics, mechanics , statistics, economics, linguistics, ethics, classics, athletics(2) 疾病名词：diabetes(糖尿病), AIDS,(3) 某些游戏名称：marbles, draughts（国际跳棋）, fives（墙手球） * cards 虽然也是游戏的一种， 但它的谓语一般用复数形式5、一些以s 结尾的复数名词， 或者常用作复数， 或者只有复数形式（注意领会意思）， 它们的谓语动词一般用复数形式，常用的有：clothes, goods, suburbs ,wages , customs , earnings , clippings（修剪）, diggings, surroundings ,doings , odds（几率） , contents , effects , archives（档案室） 等.(注意archive 与achieve) The archives are open to the public . The surroundings have been destroyed since the 1980s.* 有些复数形式的名词 ，用作单数和复数时有不同的意义 ，如 remains ， 作“遗体”讲时，表示复数意义， 谓语用复数形式；作“遗迹”“剩余物”讲时， 表示单复数意义皆可。The remains is (are) sour , so dont eat it (them) any more.6、 以s结尾的名词，若表示由两个相同部分组成的东西（工具、衣物等），谓语动词用复数，不过，这些词前常有pair 等词修饰，此时，谓语动词形式取决于pair ，如：shears（大剪刀） , pants , shorts, tights（紧身衣） ,glasses ,scissors ,trousers 等。Can you tell me where the shears are ?Her trousers vary in color , which includes yellow ,black and white .Dont you think the tights are too short ?Blunt scissors dont cut cleanly .7、有些词形式上为复数，意义上为单数（这类词靠平时词汇量的丰富来积累）：campus,chorus, status , virus ,analysis ,chaos 复数形式都加es，（根据倒数第二个字母是否为元音）There was chaos everywhere in the classroom , which made the teacher very angry . 8、一些特殊复数形式的名词作主语时，要注意谓语的单复数形式的变化。如：phenomenon-phenomena ,mouse-mice , goosse-geese , foot-feet , ox-oxen, louse-lice（虱子）等 The ox in the field is very strong . There are a lot of oxen in the field . This phenomenon is quite common in this country . The phenomena reflect a very serious social problem .9、单复数同形的名词作主语，视具体语境而定，这类词有 (1)表示动物的名词：sheep ,deer , antelope , carp ,fish ( * 注意：fish在表示“鱼肉”时是不可数，在表示“鱼”时单复数同形，在表示鱼的种类时作可数) The sheep over there belong to him . The sheep in the field is white ,isnt it ? (2)表示度量衡单位的名词，如foot ,stone, pound,weight 等，这些词后有时可加s ，意义不变。 This walls lasts about 20 foot(s). The toy costs me 10 pound(s). (3)dozen 和 score 前面跟确切数目时，单复数同形，前面为约数时，要在其后面加s. Two dozen of eggs is provided for each worker in this company . Dozens of eggs are broken during the accident . (4)其他如means , species , series , corps , innings , works , barracks , craft , aircraft , spacecraft , offspring 等，也是单复数同形五、当主语为名词，但跟介词 with , but , besides, like , including 等引导的短语搭配使用时，或者紧跟as well as , as much as , rather than , more than , accompanied by , in addition to , combined ,with 等时，谓语动词的数取决于前面名词的单复数形式，因为它才是真正的主语 Besides him , the rest of the classmates have been to see the movies . The driver , as much as the pedestrian , is responsible for the car accident . George ,like many boys ,likes playing football.l 注意：如果单数名词后跟etc或类似的表达方式如and so on 、and so forth 等，谓语动词常用复数形式。The form etc are not so important in expressing this idea .The orange and so forth contain a lot of nutrition ,which is necessary to the body .六、两个并列名词用and 连接作主语，若第二个名词与and 之间有副词修饰，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于第一个名词的单复数形式。（这种情况很少考到） The manager , and probably the dean(院长)，is invited to attend the meeting . A writer ,and sometimes an artist , is invited to address(演讲，演说) the society .七、主语为名词性用法的不定代词 all , some , half , most each , either , neither , another ,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些不定代词所表达的实际单复数意义。（用了each，谓语动词就是单数形式了） Most articles in this shop are rather expensive , but some are quite cheap. He lost all his money in that investment , some of which was borrowed from his friends. Half (of the books) have been placed on the shelves .练习一、单选1） Each one of us who _ now living in this city is