时态及定语从句和状语从句复习.doc

时态复习一、一般现在时1、构成：是以动词原形表示的，当主语是第三人称单数时，作谓语用的动词原形后要加s 或es2、功用（1）表一直发生的事，重复发生的事，客观事实或真理。 The earth goes around the sun. The sun rises in the east. Two and two is four.(2)表习惯性，经常性动作 I go to Britain every year. I often spend two years watching TV after finishing my homework in the evening.(3)谈论时间表、旅程表、国籍等 What time does the film begin? The train leaves Beijing at 9:15 and arrives in Shanghai at 6:30 the next morning.(4)时间状语从句、条件状语从句中，主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时。 If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well go to the park. When he comes back, he will find the room is empty.二、一般过去时1、构成：to do 形式：主语+过去式+ to be 形式：主语+was/were+ 2、功用（1）表示过去的动作或状况 Where were you yesterday morning? I was born in 1944. Did you meet your friend this morning?（2）表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作 Bell often visited his uncles farm when he was a boy. When Tom and John were at school, they sometimes played football together.三、一般将来时1、构成：主语+will/shall+动词原形 主语+be(is/am/are)+going to+动词原形2、功用：都表示将来，但两者有时有区别，当表示主观方面“打算准备”去做什么事情的时候，表示事先计划的意图，用be going to do;而will(shall)多用来表示纯属客观的将来，表示说话人当时决定的意图。 What are you going to do this afternoon? Im going to do some washing. You will be forty years old next year. I fell ill now, and Ill go to see the doctor. Im going to see the doctor this evening. 四、现在进行时1、构成：主语+be(is/am/are)+doing+ 2、功用（1）表示说话时正在发生或进行的动作 Please dont make so much noise. Im studying. Lets go out. It isnt raining any more. （2）表示现在较长一段时间内正在进行的动作 The weather is getting better and better. Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.比较一般现在时与现在进行时A. Excuse me, do you speak English?B. Listen to those people, what language are they speaking?A. Tom plays tennis every Saturday.B. Wheres Tim? Hes playing tennis.五、过去进行时1、构成：主语+was/were+动词的ing形式+ 2、功用：表示过去某一具体时间或一段时间正在发生的动作 Our music teacher played the piano while we were singing. What were you doing at 9:00 yesterday evening? I was doing my homework.六、将来进行时1、构成：主语+will be +现在分词+ 2、功用：表示将来某一具体时间或一段时间正在发生的动作 I will be flying to Xian this time tomorrow. The car will be going at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain.七、现在完成时1、构成：主语+have/has+过去分词+ 2、功用（1）表示经验或经历，常与ever与never连用。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Ive never travelled by air. （2）表示最近发生过的情况或动作，常与already或yet连用。 We have already written to her. She hasnt spent much time on it yet.(3)表示刚刚发生过的动作或事情，常与just连用。 They have just sent us a telegram. She has just come here.(4)表示过去发生，目前可能仍在继续进行下去的动作或事情。 He has lived there since 1950. We have known each other for more than 2 years.八、过去完成时1、构成：主语+had+过去分词+ 2、功用（1）过去的过去。表示动作在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成或刚刚完成。 Before 1988, I had never heard of George Bush. The plane had already landed when we arrived at the airport.（2）过去完成时相当于现在完成时的行为动作在过去时间范畴内的表达方法。A. I am not hungry. I have just had lunch.B. I wasnt hungry. Id just had lunch.A. The house is dirty. I havent cleaned it for weeks.B. The house was dirty. I hadnt cleaned it for weeks.(3) 过去完成时常用于间接引语。 The teacher told us that he had decided to give us an exam. He said that he had been in England for ten years.九、将来完成时1、构成：主语+shall/will+have+ 过去分词+ 2、功用（1）表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作，常与by+时间名词连用 When we get there, theyll probably have left. Ill have retired by the year 2019.比较：By the end of last term,we had learned five English songs.We have learned 8 English songs so far.By the end of this term, well have learned 10 English songs.十、现在完成进行时1、构成：主语+have/has+been+doing+ 2、功用（1）表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在，并且还在继续进行。 I have been working in the factory since I left school. It has been raining for three hours.（2）表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在刚结束，用以强调该动作在不久前持续进行的情景。 Weve been looking for you everywhere. Where have you been? After she has been waiting for nearly an hour, John suddenly appears.十一、过去完成进行时1、构成：主语+had+been+现在分词+ 2、功用：表示过去某一具体时间之前一直进行着的一个动作。 Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up. They had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm. The football match had to be stopped.定语从句定语从句在句子中定语用，修饰句中的某一名词（或代词）。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词，先行词一般为人、物或事件。定语从句一般皆放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用做主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。本章要求掌握定语从句的用法，以及正确使用定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、who在定语从句中作主语，只可指人。 Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing. The girl who is talking with Professor Li is my sister.2、whom 在定语从句中作宾语，只可指人，在限制性定语从句中常可省略。 He is a man whom everybody respects. I have just met an author whom I have never seen before.3、whose在定语从句中用作定语，一般指人，也可指物。 The boys whose names were called stood up. Id like a room whose windows look out over the sea.4、that 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指人或指物，多指物。 Is he the man that sells eggs? Water that is impure often causes serious illness. Have you got everything (that) you need?*先行词为something, anything, everything, nothing, much, little 等修饰词以及way和reason等名词，或先行词前有最高级形容词以及first, last, next, only 等词修饰时，关系代词要用that, 但常省略。 There was nothing that interested him at the motor show. This is the most valuable instrument that we have ever seen.5、which 在定语从句中指物，可作主语，宾语（在限制性定义从句中常可省略） She was not on the train which arrived just now. The dog which was lost has been found. This is the book which you wanted. 6、as引导限制性定语从句，相当于which,that Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. as引导非限制性定语从句时，常用来代表整个主句内容。. As is well-known, Professor Wang is a famous scientist. As is often the case, I forgot to bring my dictionary.二、关系副词引导的定语从句1、when在定语从句中作时间状语，它的先行词必须是表示时间的名词。 Was that the first time when you went to Japan? He came at a time when I was very busy.2、where在定语从句中作地点状语，它的先行词须是表示地点的名词。 Mr. Wang is going to visit the university where he studied for 20 years. This is the place where Li Ming was born. 3、why在定义从句中作原因状语，它的先行词只有reason一词。Our teacher asked us the reason why we were late.Thats why he spoke.That was why I didnt tell you.三、限制性定语从句 它对于说明句子意义来说必不可少，如果取消它，句子意思就不完整。不用逗号隔开。A man who doesnt know how to learn from others cant hope to achieve much.Have you set the day when you will come?四、非限制性定语从句它对于说明句子意义来说未必不可少，与其所修饰的成分关系不十分密切，如果省略，剩下的部分意思仍很清楚，要有逗号与主句隔开。 She is going to spend the summer in Qingdao, where she has some friends and relatives. Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.状语从句状语从句就是担任状语成分的从属句，一般由从属连词和一些能表示从属关系的词和结构来连接。状语从句根据其用途分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句，让步状语从句，方式状语从句等。本单元要求掌握状语从句的用途，掌握正确使用引导状语从句的从属连词，注意状语从句的时态变化。一、时间状语从句：when, as, before, after, until, as soon as1. When the light went out, the baby began to cry.2. They talked as they had their lunch.3. Lao Li was a worker before she became a secretary.4. After the students cleaned the classroom, the teacher let them go home.5. You should start work as soon as you arrive here.6. I didnt know anything about life until I was thirty.* 时间状语从句中，一般不用将来时态，而用现在时态替代。二、地点状语从句:where, wherever, anywhere 1. Where there is a will, there is a way. 2. Sit wherever you like. 3. You can go anywhere you like三、原因状语从句：because, as, since, for 1. Bill isnt going to school today because hes ill. 2. As it was fine, they went out to the garden. 3. Since all of us agree, Lets do it right away.*because语气最强，回答Why?since 次之，since从句表示经过一些分析，且听话对方已知晓的原因。as 与for较弱，常说明比较明显的原因。四、结果状语从句：sothat, such that, so that1. Mrs. Jones was so frightened about having an operation that she cried.2. This news worried Mrs. Jones so much that she was afraid.3. There was no cure and that she would never get better.4. He is such a marvelous joker that you cant help laughing.5. They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.*so that 中so后跟形容词或副词 such that中such后跟名词五、目的状语从句：so that, in order that1. They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could be able to understand them.2. These men risk their lives so that /in order that we may live more safely.3. We carved their names on the stone so that/in order that future generations should/might know what they had done.六、条件状语从句：if, unless, as long as, provided1. Ill give you ano