常用词汇与语法.doc

abroad adv.到国外 aboard adv./prep.上(船，飞机) adapt v.适应;编辑 adopt v.收养；采纳 adept a.娴熟的 affect v.影响, 假装 effect n.结果, 影响 allusion n.暗示 illusion n.幻觉 delusion n.错觉 elusion n.逃避 altar n.祭坛 alter v.改变 amend v.改正, 修正 emend n.校正 amoral a.与道德无关的 unmoral adj.与immoral 同义 不道德的 angel n.天使 angle n.角(度) assent v.同意 ascent n.上升 accent n.口音 assure v.保证 ensure v.使确定 insure n.保险 aural adj.耳的 oral adj.口头的 baron n.男爵 barren adj.贫瘠的,不毛之地的 barn n.古仓 beam n.梁；光束 bean n.豆 been v. have 过去式 champion n.冠军 champagne n.香槟酒 campaign n.战役 chicken n.鸡 kitchen n.厨房 chore n.家务活 chord n.和弦 cord n.细绳 cite v.引用 site n.场所 sight n.视觉 clash n.(金属的)幢击声；冲突 crash v.碰幢，坠落 crush v.压坏 commerce n.商业 commence v.开始 compliment n.赞美 complement n.附加物 confirm v.确认 conform v.使顺从 contact v./n.接触 contract n.合同 contrast v./n.对照 contend v.奋斗, 斗争 content n.内容adj.满足的 context n.上下文 contest n./v.竞争, 比赛 continual adj.断断续续的 continuous adj.连续不断的 costume n.服装 custom n.习惯 council n.议会 counsel v./n.忠告 consul n.领事 crow n.乌鸦 crown n.王冠 clown n.小丑 cow n.牛 dairy n.牛奶厂 diary n.日记 decent adj.正经的 descent n.下降；血统，祖籍 descend v. 向下 dessert n.甜食 desert n.沙漠v.放弃 dissert v.写论文 dose n.一剂药 doze v.打盹 drawn v. draw的过去分词 drown v.溺水 drought n.天旱 draught n.通风, 拖拉 draughts n.(英)国际跳棋 emigrant n.移民到国外 immigrant n.从某国来的移民 except v.除外 expect v.期望 accept v.接受 excerpt n.摘录，节录 exempt v.免除 excess n. 超过 exceed v.超过 excel v.擅长 expand v.扩张 expend v.花费 extend v.延长 expect v.期望 respect v.尊敬 aspect n.方面 inspect v.视察 suspect v.怀疑 extensive adj.广泛的 intensive adj.深刻的 floor n.地板 flour n.面粉 glide v.滑翔 slide v.使滑行 slip v.跌落 hotel n.旅店 hostel n.青年旅社 immoral n.不道德的 immortal n.不朽的 implicit adj.含蓄的 explicit adj.明白的 incident n.事件 accident n.意外 inspiration n.灵感 aspiration n.渴望 later adv.后来 latter n.后者 latest adj.最近的,最新的 lately adv. 最近 latitude n.纬度 altitude n.高度 gratitude n.感激 lone adj.孤独的 alone adj.单独的 lonely adj.寂寞的 loose adj.松的 lose v.丢失 loss n.损失 lost v. lose过去式 march n.三月, 前进 match n.比赛 monkey n.猴子 donkey n.驴 mortal adj.致命的 metal n.金属 mental adj.神经的 medal n.勋章 model n.模特 meddle v.干涉；玩弄 pat v./n.轻拍 tap v.轻打 slap v.(用掌)击；拍 rap v.敲，打 patent n.专利 potent adj.有力的 potential adj.潜在的 police n.警察 policy n.政策 politics n.政治 pray v.祈祷 prey n.猎物 precede v.领先 proceed v.进行，继续 principal n.校长adj.主要的 principle n.原则 prospect n.前景 perspective n.透视法 protest n./v.抗议 protect v.保护 purpose n.目的 suppose v.假设 propose v.建议 quite adv.相当 十分 quiet adj.安静的；平静的；n.安静，寂静 require v.需要 inquire v.询问 enquire v.询问 acquire v.获得 revenge v.报仇 avenge v.为.报仇 scare v./n.惊吓 scarce adj.缺乏的 stationery n.文具 stationary adj.固定的 steal v.偷 steel n.钢 story n.故事 storey n.楼层 store n.商店 strike v.打 stick v.坚持 strict adj.严格的 strive v.努力 stride v.大步走 sweet adj.甜的 sweat n.汗水 through prep.通过 thorough adj.彻底的 though conj.尽管 thought v.think 过去分词 wonder v./n.惊讶，惊奇 wander v.漫游，闲逛；走神，精神恍惚 江苏专转本2009年高分常用词汇bolish vt 废除（法律、习惯等）取消abundance n 丰富，充裕accommodate vt向提供住处（或膳宿）容纳使适应adjacent adj毗连的，接近的，临近的aggravate vt加重，使恶化激怒，使恼火alienate vt与疏远，离间allocate vt分配，配给把（物质资金等）划归，把拨给arrogant adj傲慢的，自负的ascertain vt 查明，弄清assault n （武力或头上的）攻击，袭击vt突击，攻击vi动武betray vt背叛，出卖辜负泄漏，暴露bias n（成衣等的）斜线偏见，癖好adj& adv斜vt（常用被动语态）使有偏见，使有倾向性blink u眨眼睛，眯着眼睛看bonus n额外津贴奖金红利bribe n贿赂行贿物vt向行贿，收买brittle adj易碎的，脆弱的易爆的易损坏的，不永久的（声音等）尖利的冷淡的browse v浏览，翻阅（书刊）capsule n（医）囊，胶囊（植）蒴果，孢蒴（空）气密小座舱，容器，特封壳cardinal adj基本的，根本的深红色的n红衣主教深红色cater vi供应伙食，提供娱乐节目迎合，投合census n 人口调查，人口普查（人口调查得来的）统计数字vt调查（地区等）的人口数字，统计的数字chaos n混乱，无秩序circulation n （货币、消息等的）流通，传播（报刊等）发行（血液等）循环，（空气等）流通clone n克隆，无性繁殖vt克隆（动物）cluster n（果实、花等的）串，族；（人或物的）群，组vi丛生；群集cognitive adj认知的，识识的coincidence n 巧合，巧事（意见、爱好、利益等的）一致，符合compact adj紧凑的，不巧的，袖珍的vt使压实（塞紧），使坚实，使紧密结合compile vt汇编，编制，编纂conception n 思想，观念，概念构想，设想怀孕cylinder n 圆柱体，圆筒汔缸，泵体decree n法令，政令vt颁布（法令）degenerate vi衰退，堕落，蜕化adj堕落的n堕落者deputy n 副职，副手代表，代理人dignity n （举止、态度等的）庄严，端庄尊贵，高贵discriminate vi 区别，辨别有差别对待，歧视divert vt 使转向，使改道转移转移的注意力domain n （活动、思想等）领域，范围领地，势力范围duplicate vt 复制，复写，复印重复n完全一样的东西，复制品adj完全一样的，复制的eclipse n （日、月）蚀（地位、声誉等的）消失，黯然失色vt使暗淡，使失色，使相形见绌empirical adj 经验主义的，凭经验的经验的，来自经验的enterprise n 企业，公司（艰巨或带冒险性的）事业，计划事业心，迸取心episode n （许多事件中的）一个事件（戏剧、小说等中的）插曲，情节；（连载小说中的）一工了；（连续剧的）一集escort n 护卫者，护送者护送，护卫，伴随vt护，护送exceptional adj 优秀的，卓越的例外的，独特的，罕见的，异常的execution n 死刑，处决（计划等的）实行，（命令、职务等的）执行expire vi 期满，到期断气，死亡facilitate v使易做，使便利；促进，有助于feeble adj （身体）虚弱的（声音、力气、光线等）微弱的，无力的无效的，无益的fixture n （常复数）（房屋等的）固定装置长期固定于某地（或某项工作）的人（或物）flutter vi （旗子等）飘动，飘扬拍翅，展翅而飞（脉搏、心脏）快速跳动n激动不安，紧张fossil n化石frantic adj （因忿怒、痛苦或欢乐而）激动得发狂狂暴的furious adj 勃然大怒的，大发雷霆的强烈的，猛烈的gigantic adj巨大的，庞大的glamour n 魅力，诱惑力迷人的美，妖艳vt 迷惑，迷住使有魅力adj热门的glitter vi（因反射而）闪闪发光（眼睛）发亮，闪光n闪光，灿烂的光辉（眼睛）发亮，闪光grim adj残酷的，冷酷无情的严厉的，严肃的（口语）讨厌的，糟糕的handicap n（身体或智力上的）缺陷妨碍，不利条件vt妨碍，使不利hostage n人质hurl vt 向猛投，力掷（向）大声吐（恶言），大声嚷ignite v引燃，点火，着火vt激起，使激动illuminate vt照明，照亮，使变亮阐明immerse adj 使沉浸于，使陷入，使专心一地沉浸imperative adj必要的，迫切需要的必须服从的，命令式的n 必要的事，必须完成的事implicit adj 暗含的，暗示的（in）内隐的，固的有无疑问的，无保留的indicative adj 表明，说明，象征的（常接of）industrious adj勤劳的，勤奋的innovation n革新，创新改革，新方法，新事物inscribe vt写，刻，题字insulate vt使孤立，隔离使绝缘，使隔热，使隔音integrate v使合而为一，使合并，使成一体（with ,into）intensify v加剧，加强，加紧intersection n交叉（点），道路交叉口，十字路口。irrespective adj不管，不论，不顾justification n 正当的理由，借口，辩白latitude n 纬度（复数）（从纬度来看的）地方（行动、思想的）自由范围，自由legitimate adj 合理的，正当的合法的，法律认可的vt使合法linear adj 线的，成一直线的构线的，利用线的线性的lounge n（饭店、俱乐部等的）休息室，会客厅vt ,懒洋洋地靠着（躺着）闲逛，闲荡lubricate vt使润滑，上润滑油magistrate n 地方行政官，执法官地方法官，治安官manuscript n手稿，原稿masculine adj 男性的男子气概的，勇敢的melody n旋律，曲调merge v（使）合并，（使）并人migrate vi （w ）移居；迁居（动物）（应季节定期性的）迁移，移栖minimize（-ise）vt 使降至最低，使减至最小对作最低估计，低估，小看missionary n 传教士adj布道的，传教的mortal adj终有一死的生命攸关的，致命的至死方休的，不共载天的n（常 pl）（终有一死的）人，凡人multitude n 人群，群众（用the multitude）大众，民众nasty adj令人不快的，讨厌的难弄的，困难的严重的，危险的，威胁的negotiate vt谈判达成，洽谈，议定安全通过，越过（障碍等）vi（与人就）交涉，协商，谈判notify vt（正式）通知，报告（of）notorious adj臭名照著的，声名狼藉的（for）nutrition n营养nurture n养育，教育，教养食物，营养物vt养育，教育，培养obsolete adj过时的，作废的2009年江苏专转本英语虚拟语气误用辨析1.中文：我要是你，我不会那么做。 （误）I shouldnt do that if I was you.（正）I shouldnt do that if I were you.（表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气不能用was，只能用were.）2.中文：要是我父亲现在在这里，他会告诉我该做什么。（误）If my father were here now， he will tell me what to do.（正）If my father were here now， he would tell me what to do.（表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气中，主句的助动词只能用would，might等过去时。）3.中文：要是我知道她的电话号码，我就会给她打电话了。（误）If I knew her telephone number， I would have called her.（正）If I had known her telephone number， I would have called her.（表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词要用过去完成时。）4.中文：要是昨天没下雨她也许会来。（误）If it had not rained yesterday， he might come.（正）If it had not rained yesterday， he might have come.（表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中，主句的动词要用助动词的过去时might，could等HAVE过去分词。）5.中文：我不认为我会失败，但要是我失败了，我会再努力。（误）I dont think that I shall fail. But if I failed， I would try again.（正）I dont think that I shall fail. But if I should fail， I would try again.（表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词用should加原形动词。）6.中文：他要是带了钱就会买它。（误）Did he bring some money with him， he would have bought it.（正）Had he brought some money with him， he would have bought it.（表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词要用过去完成时，若省略if，则用倒装形式。）7.中文：她要是个男人可能会当选总统。（误）Be she a man， she might be elected president.（正）Were she a man， she might be elected president.（表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，不能用was，只能用were；若省略if，则将were放在句首。）8.中文：我提议提高教师的薪资。（误）I suggested that the teachers wages could be increased.（正）I suggested that the teachers wages should be increased.（suggest当建议讲时，后面的名词从句的主要动词要用should加原形动词，should可以省略。）9.中文：他这么做是重要的。（误）It is important that he will do it.（正）It is important that he do it.（It is importantthat引导的名词从句的动词要用should加原形动词，should可以省略。）09年江苏专转本英语中英互译75例句1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope，or pronghorn. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。2. Of the millions who saw Haleys comet in 1986，how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear，happiness，sadness，and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。4. Because of its irritating effect on humans，the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。5. In group to remain in existence，a profit-making organization must，in the long run，produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。6. The greater the population there is in a locality，the greater the need there is for water，transportation，and disposal of refuse. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。7. It is more difficult to write simply，directly，and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure ones meaning. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized，designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer，less severe interiors. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。11. Acids are chemical compounds that，in water solution，have a sharp taste，a corrosive action on metals，and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。12. Billie Holidays reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs. Billie Holidays 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。13. Essentially，a theory is an abstract，symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language，they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。15. Thanks to modern irrigation，crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live. 受当代灌溉（技术设施）之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。18. Fungi are important in the process of decay，which returns ingredients to the soil，enhances soil fertility，and decomposes animal debris. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。19. When it is struck，a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone，retaining its pitch over a long period of time. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States，they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil. 一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。23. Over a very large number of trials，the probability of an events occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substances solid is higher than the density of its liquid. 大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood. 大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。26. By the middle of the twentieth century，painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art. 到了二十一世纪中页，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth，a major shipping and manufacturing center. 伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。28. Elizabeth Blackwell，the first woman medical doctor in the United States，founded the New York Infirmary，an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff. Elizabeth Blackwell. 美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell. 曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked，rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance. 采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。31. Although apparently rigid，bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. 骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。32. That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists. 科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life. 对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed. 消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。35. Futurism，an early twentieth-century movement in art，rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion. 未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected. Everglades. 是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受（法律）保护。37. Lucretia Motts influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States. Lucretia Motts的影响巨大，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer. 国际市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific. 大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them. 对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之下地壳和地幔会发生位移。41. The annual worth of Utahs manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined. 尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support. 墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。43. It is the interaction between people，rather than the events that occur in their lives，that is the main focus of social psychology. 社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是他们各自生活中的事件。44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williamsenthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States. 给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places. 典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。46. According to anthropologists，the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially，with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. 根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid. 直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。48. In his writing，John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology. John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm，consistent，and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence. 父母的教导如果坚定，始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops，but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy. 北美远古的Hopewell人很可能种植了玉米和其他农作物，但打猎和采集对他们的经济贸易仍是至关重要的。51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map. 使用多种多样的符号可以在一张地图里放进大量的信息。52. Anarchism is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary. 无政府主义这个词描述的是一堆理论和态度，它们的主要共同点在于相信政府是有害的，没有必要的。53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production. 恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利。福特。54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning. 使用精心挑选的无意义词汇，可以检验语言学科里许多基本的假定。55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made. 优化历史是由一连串的迷人事件组成，其源头大概可以上溯到最早的图画。56. Perfectly matched pearls，strung into a necklace，bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually. 相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比单独售出好得多的价钱。57. During the eighteenth century，Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio. 十八世纪时，“小乌龟”是迈阿密部落的酋长，该部落的地盘就是今天的印第安那州和俄亥俄州。58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo，some are fully grown at less than a foot high，while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours. 在竹子的近七百个品种中，有的全长成还不到一英尺，有的却能在二十四小时内长出三英尺。59. Before staring on a sea voyage，prudent navigators learn the sea charts，study the sailing directions，and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter. 谨慎的航海员在出航前，会研究航向，记录的灯塔的位置，以便对各种可能出现的情况做到有备无患。60. Of all the economically important plants，p