初中英语语法--代词.doc

代词(Pronouns)I. 定义及分类代词是为了避免重复而用来代替上文或下文出现的词、短语或句子的词。英语中代词可以分为九类：人称代词(Personal Pronouns)、物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)、反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)、指示代词(Demonstrative Pronouns)、相互代词(Reciprocal Pronouns)、不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns)、疑问代词(Interrogative Pronouns)、连接代词(Conjunctive Pronouns)和关系代词(Relative Pronouns)。人称代词主格宾格第一人称单数I me复数weus第二人称单数youyou复数youyou第三人称单数阳性hehim阴性sheher中性itit复数theythem人称代词的用法：1. 人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语用宾格。I like to swim.You should put away your books.You need to take them into account when you deal with problems of this kind.Mind you, this is just between you and me.I havent seen him lately.（北京09）Mr. Wang is very friendly, and _ like him very much.A. we B. us C. our D. ours（杭州市09）-Do you know Alice?-Yes. I know _ very well. A. she B. herself C. her D. hers（广州市09）An old friend of my sisters always helps my brother and_ with _ English. A. I; our B. me; ourselves C. I; my D. me; our几个人称代词并列作主语时，其基本顺序是：you and I; you and he; you, she and I; we and they; we, you and they. （单数：231，但是承担责任或承认错误时，123；复数：123）You, she and I must do the work well.I, you and he should be to blame for the accident.2. 人称代词作表语时，指动作的执行者时，用主格；指动作的承受者时，用宾格。在非正式场合常用宾格。It is not I who think so.-Who broke the window? -Its he.-Who is Jim going with? -Its me.- Who is knocking at the door? - Its her.3. 人称代词要与其所指代的词在人称和数上保持一致。A good song lends comfort to people, so that they feel less lonely.一首好歌常给人们带来慰藉，他们会感到不太孤独。Jane, Carol and I have been working all day. We are all tired.简、卡罗尔和我已经干了一整天，我们都累了。4. she或her可用来代表国家、城市、船舶、飞机、真理、科学、自然等，以表示感情色彩。China is a developing country. She will always take sides with the Third World. 中国是发展中国家，她会永远支持第三世界。The greatest friend of truth is time, her greatest enemy is prejudice, and her constant companion is humility.真理最好的朋友是时间，它最大的敌人是偏见，它永恒的伴侣是谦虚。5. he有时可以泛指任何人。He that travels far knows much.远行见识广。He who hesitates is lost. 当断不断，必受其患。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.6. 有时在不确定所指对象的性别时，通常用he, 但是，现在在书面语中，多用he/she, he or she, him/her, him or her. Everyone should contribute what he or she can afford.注：it的用法A. 指代前文中提到的无生命的事物、动物等。This is our new car. I bought it yesterday.（这是我们的新车。我昨天买的。）Wheres the cat? Its in the garden.（猫在哪儿？在花园里。）B. 指代上文中提到的情况it有时并不指某种具体的事物，而是笼统地指前面提到的情况，即代替前文提到的短语、分句或动词。If you keep doing that, it will do harm to you.你要是继续那样的话，会对你的身体有害。Who said that I was crazy? I said it. 谁说我发疯了？是我说的。He suggest flying, but I thought it would cost too much.他建议坐飞机去，可我认为这样花费太大。C. 用于指代身份不明确的人或是性别不详的婴儿。Someone is at the door. It must be Mr. Smith. 有人在门口，一定是史密斯先生。They had a baby and it was very lovely. 他们生了个孩子，非常可爱。D. 指代时间、距离、天气、自然现象、环境情况等It is already 12 oclock. 已经12点了。It is about 200 miles from my home to the school. 从我家到学校大概有200英里。It is fine today. 今天天气很好。It was very quiet in the garden. 花园里很安静。E. 作形式主语当不定式、动名词或名词性从句作主语时，为了避免头重脚轻，通常在句首用形式主语it，真正的主语放在句尾。 It is stupid to do such a thing. 做这种事真蠢。 It doesnt matter whether we start now or later. 从现在开始或以后，我们都没关系。 It occurred to him to put the book upstairs. 他突然想到他把书放到楼上了。 It strikes me that you are afraid. 我觉得你有些害怕。 It seemed that it is going to rain. 似乎要下雨了。F. 作形式宾语当不定式、动名词、名词性从句作宾语且后面带有宾补时，通常用it作形式宾语，将真正的宾语放在句尾。 She finds it boring to stay at home. 她觉得呆在家里很无聊。 Do you think it worthwhile taking so much trouble. 你觉得这么费事值得吗？ 此外，还有两类特殊的形式宾语：一是介词后不能直接跟that从句，有个别结构就在介词后先接it作形式宾语，再接that从句。You may depend on it that it is true. 你可以相信这是真的。I cant answer for it that he will help you. 我不能保证他会帮你。二是有些表示爱恨喜好的动词，由于作及物动词，当它们接if/when引导的从句时，要先接it作形式宾语。I dont like it when you call me “Boss”. 我不喜欢你叫我“老板”。G. 用于强调句型 It was Mary who (that) sent a letter from Beijing this morning.这是玛丽今天早上从北京寄来一封信。It was a letter that Mary sent from Beijing this morning.玛丽今天早上从北京寄来的是一封信。It was this morning that Mary sent a letter from Beijing.玛丽是今天早上从北京寄来一封信.It was from Beijing that Mary sent a letter this morning.玛丽今天早上是从北京寄来一封信。物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的。可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。我的你的他（她、它）的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs他它不变我大变，其他-s加后边。1. 形容词性物主代词只能用来做定语，后面须跟名词。Everyone should do his best.Whats your nationality?(南充09)She is a student and _ name is Kate.A. she B. her C. hers（福州09）-Excuse me, are these books _?-No, they are _ classmates.A. his; he B. hers; hers C. your; mine D. yours; my2. 名词性物主代词用来作主语、宾语、表语。That isnt my car. Mine is being repaired.Work hard, and success will certainly be yours.You may use my pen and I will use hers.（南京市09）-Are the keys over there _?-No, go and ask Anna. They may belong to her. A. you B. your C. yours D. yourself（烟台市09）-Where is my pen? Have you seen _?-Oh, sorry. I have taken _ by mistake. A. it; yours B. them; his C. it; mine D. them; hers3. 名词性物主代词可以用于双重所有格。a friend of mineThis is no fault of yours. =This isnt your fault.No business of yours.（安顺市09）David talked with a friend of _on the internet for a long time yesterday. A. he B. his C. him D. himself4. 形容词性物主代词可以和own连用，在句中作定语、表语、宾语等，以及用于一些固定搭配中。Every bird likes its own nest. 鸟均爱其巢。人均爱其家。It is her friends car, not her own.It is sometimes easier to see the faults of others than to detect our own. 见人之过易，见己之过难。of ones own 自己的 of ones own age 和自己同龄的 on ones own 独自反身代词表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”等概念的代词称为反身代词。单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himselfherselfitselfthemselves不定人称oneself反身代词的用法：1. 作同位语,此时属于强调性用法，可紧跟在名词或代词之后，或位于句末，常译为“自己”“亲自”。（用于句末时，近乎状语）Labor itself is a pleasure. 劳动本身是一种乐趣。You had better ask the headmaster himself about it.I want to wash my clothes myself.Do it yourself.2. 可以用在动词或介词后面做宾语。Take care of yourself.Let me introduce myself. To deceive oneself is very easy. 骗自己很容易。by oneself 单独地 of oneself 自动地 for oneself 为（给）自己in oneself 本身，本质上 between ourselves=between you and me 你知我知，莫对人讲among oneselves 在.之间 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴 help oneself to. 随便吃点.teach oneself 自学（安顺市09）College students are old enough to teach_.A. them B. their C. themselves D. they指示代词指示代词有四个，this, that, these, those.用法如下：1. this和these用来近指，that和those用来远指。these是this的复数，those是that的复数。Look at this stamp.Who is that man over there?（山西省09）- Look！Whats _ in the sky?-It looks like a kite. A. this B. that C. those2. that/those常用来承上；this/these用来启下。This is my idea: try your best to help him.We have no enough time. That is our trouble.3. that 用来代替前面出现过的不可数名词，those用来代替前面出现过的复数名词。The weather of Beijing is much colder than that of Shanghai.The books we have are more interesting than those we saw in the bookstore.我们所有的书比我们在书店见到的书更加有趣。（宁夏09）Things made by hand are usually more expensive than _ produced in factories. A. these B. this C. that D. those有些语法家会把same, such看作指示代词。Such was the result of his carelessness. 这就是他粗心大意的结果。The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样情况。such和so的区别：such是一个代词，后面跟名词或名词性短语；而so是一个副词，后面跟形容词或副词。such+名词+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+a/an+形容词+单数名词so+形容词/副词 +形容词+a/an+单数名词 +many/much/few/little(少)+复数名词/不可数名词相互代词相互代词有两个：each other和one another.两者可以互换。可以作宾语，而且后面可以跟 “s”。We often talk with each other/one another. 我们经常互相交谈。We should help each other/one another. 我们应该互相帮助。The children are close to each other in age. 孩子们彼此的年龄很相近。They live in each others pockets. 他们彼此关系十分密切。疑问代词是用来引导疑问句的。连接代词是用来引导名词性从句的或状语从句。关系代词是用来引导定语从句的。不定代词1. some, anysome用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。但是在问句中，如希望对方说“yes”,应该用some。 any也可用于肯定句，意为“任何”。There are some books on the desk. I dont have any money.Does Jim need any help?Would you like some water?Any teacher can help you. 注：后面的somebody/someone/something和anybody/anyone/anybody区别同上。（绍兴市09）- Does _ know the answer to the question?-Me. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobodySome有时用在数词之前，意为“大约”。There are some 3000 teachers in that school.2. both, allboth意为“两者都”，all意为“三者以上都”。both和all后面可以跟of, 也可以不跟of。both和all 用于否定句时，指部分否定，常译为“不都”。Both (of you) are wrong.Both (of) my sisters are good at English.All of us agree with you.All the students in our class are friendly.A friend to all is a friend to none. 人人都是朋友等于没有朋友。Both my brothers are not hardworking. 我的两个哥哥不都是勤奋的。All boys are not clever. 并不是所有男孩是聪明的。All that glitters is not gold. 发光的未必是金子。（山西省09）Mom and Dad are _ movie lovers. They have many hobbies in common. A. both B. either C. neither- The books are so nice, which one can I take?-Oh, you can take _ of them. Ill keep none.A. both B. all C. neither D. either3. neither, noneneither意为“两者都不”，none意为“三者以上都不”。后面若跟名词或代词时，必须得用of。Neither of them has been to Beijing.None of us arrived at school on time.（广州市09）- Would you like to drink, coffee or orange juice?-_. Please give me a cup of tea. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. None（宁夏09）- Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?-Im afraid _ day is possible. A. neither B. either C. some D. any（娄底09）-How heavily it rained this early morning.-Yes. But _ of the students in our class was late for school.A. some B. none C. all（黄冈09）-Would you like to go to the concert with me tonight?-Id love to, but _ of us couple has tickets. Do you have some? A. both B. all C. neither D. none4. either意为“两者之一任何”。-Would you like coffee or tea? -Either is OK.There are many trees on either side of the street.=There are many trees on both sides of the street.（苏州09）-Do you wont tea or coffee?-_，I really dont mind.ANone BEither CNeither DAll5. another, other, the other, others, the othersanother意为“另一，又一”。后面可跟单数可数名词或单独使用，也可跟“数词+复数名词”=数词+more+复数名词。other通常不单独使用，后面须跟名词，前面可以用some, any, all the, many, 或数词等（前面没有修饰语时，后面跟复数名词；前面有修饰语时，后面名词视修饰语而定）。the other可以单独使用，也可后面跟单数名词或复数名词。当单独使用或后面跟单数名词时，意为“两个中的另外一个”。常用于“onethe other”当跟复数名词时，意为“某一范围中，除了一些之外的另外一些”。others等于other+复数名词。常用于“someothersstill others”。the others等于the other+复数名词。They have two daughters. One is a doctor, and the other is a teacher.I have had three cakes, and I need another one.Do you have any other dictionaries?Some people are singing, and others are dancing.There are 50 students in Class One. 5 are boys, and the others are girls.（绵阳市09）- The shoes dont fit me. Would you please show me _?- Sure. Here you are. A. the other one B. the others C. another pair D. another one（北京09）My sister has two skirts. One is yellow, _ is black. A. other B. another C. others D. the other6. many, muchmany用来修饰可数名词，much用来修饰不可数名词。I have many books but I dont have much time.Many hands make light work. 7. few, a few, little, a littlefew和a few用来修饰可数名词，little和a little用来修饰不可数名词。few和little具有否定意义，意为“几乎没有”，a few和a little具有肯定意义，意为“一些”。Do you have a little water?A few people can speak English in my neighborhood.I have little time. 我几乎没有时间。quite a few=not a few=many quite a little=not a little=much not a bit=not at alla bit 在修饰形容词或副词时，=a little（也可用a little bit）. 在修饰不可数名词时，后面须加of.It is a bit cold today.I have a bit of water（恩施09）-Id like _ grapes and pears.-Oh, I only need _ orange juice.A. some; a few B. a few; some C. a little; few D. a little; a few8. every, each every强调“整体”，在句中只能作定语，each强调“个体”，在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，后面可以跟of短语。Every violinist practices for several hours a day.(=All violinists practice for several hours a day.)Each violinist has his own way of playing the Beethoven concerto.每个小提琴手演奏贝多芬协奏曲都各有自己的风格。Each must do his best.We each have different points of view.=Each of us has a different point of view.There were three boys. I gave each an apple. 9. one one用于泛指任何人;也可代替前面出现过的单数名词，其复数形式(ones)可用来代替前面出现过的复数名词。（代替前面出现过的复数名词，有形容词时可用ones, 没有形容词时可用some）。One can not make an omelet without breaking eggs. 不打破鸡蛋，谁也做不成煎蛋饼。有得必有失。(You cannot eat the cake and have it.)This type of pens writes well, and I will buy some.I cant find my cap. I have to buy one.(one在代替