阚广琪1306502042外文参考资料及译文.doc

毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文译文题目： 材料与土木工程 学生姓名： 阚广琪 学 号： 1306502042 专 业： 13土木工程（W专转本） 所在学院： 建筑工程学院 指导教师： 左熹 职 称： 副教授 2014年12 月18日Materials and civilengineeringCivil engineeringEnglishis CivilEngineering,the literal translation is the civil engineering,it isreferred to asthe construction of the project.It refers to the construction of theobject,that isbuilton the ground,underground,water engineering facilities,also refers to theapplication of thematerial and equipmentandthe survey,design and construction,maintenance,repairand other professional technology.Civil engineeringwith the progress of the human society,has been transformed into largecomprehensive discipline,it has a number of branches,such as: Engineering,railway engineering,road engineering,bridge engineering,special engineering structure,water supply and drainage engineering,port engineering,hydraulic engineering,environmental engineeringand other disciplines.A total of six professional civil engineering:architecture,cityplanning,civil engineering,building environment andequipment engineering,water supply and drainage engineering androad and bridge engineering.Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, has its important properties: comprehensive, sociality, practicality, unity. Provides an important material and technological foundation of civil engineering for the development of the national economy and the improvement of peoples life, the revitalization of the numerous industry played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the basic production process, so the formation of fixed assets, construction industry and real estate has become one of the pillars of the economy in many countries and regions.Play a key role in the development of civil engineering, the first is the civil construction materials as the basis of the engineering material, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a good new building materials, civil engineering will be a leap style development.People can only rely on the early Earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile this artificial building materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in Eleventh Century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created tile. The first brick in the fifth Century BC to third Century BC during the Warring States tomb. Brick and tile has superior mechanical properties, soil can use local materials, and easy to manufacture.The emergence of brick and tile so that people began to widely, a large number of housing construction and urban flood control engineering. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Until 18 nineteenth Century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, made a great contribution to human civilization, even was also widely used in the present.The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap of civil engineering. In seventeenth Century 70 time begin the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth Century began to use wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.From the beginning of the mid nineteenth Century, the metallurgical industry smelting and rolling out the tensile and compressive strength are very high, good ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel, then produce high-strength steel wire, cable. And meet the needs for development of steel structure has been booming. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, frame, frame structure, and gradually promote the suspension structure, a structure of flowers Zhengyan situation.Building long-span structures from the brick and stone structures, a few meters of wood structure, the development of tens of meters to 100 meters of steel structures, several hundred meters until modern km above. So the bridge in the river, channel, since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower on the ground, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.To meet the demands of the development of steel structure engineering, on the basis of Newtons mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory will emerge as the times require. Theoretical design of machinery, construction technology and organization construction and development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, are in the face of engineering practice and theoretical basis for a new, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.In nineteenth Century 20 time, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete aggregate materials, easy molding concrete structures, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. After the mid nineteenth Century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure, to play their respective advantages. Since the beginning of twentieth Century, each field of reinforced concrete is widely used in civil engineering.From the beginning of the thirtys, the emergence of prestressed concrete. Crack resistance, stiffness and bearing capacity of prestressed concrete structure, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses broader. Civil engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. The appearance of the concrete form of engineering structures has brought new economic and beautiful buildings, civil engineering so that a theoretical construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the new. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.Civil engineering construction in our country from twentieth Century since 50 has not been stopped, and is developing very quickly, especially in recent years, the development is extremely rapid, almost the whole of China into a big construction site. New buildings, exhibition center, railway, highway, bridge, harbor, large-scale water conservancy projects in all parts of the country have sprung up, new structure, new materials, new technology to make great efforts in research and development and application. The development of fast, number of giant, makes the world marvel.However, since the reform and opening up, Chinas urban development has entered a new stage, the number of cities, the size and the number of the population have made rapid development. This requires more buildings to meet the needs of urban development. The single is not difficult to see, at present, Chinas city construction especially housing construction, and cant meet the needs of people.With the acceleration of economic development and urbanization, the urban development in China increasingly rapid pace, the urban land increasingly tense, excessive population and the limited urban land and formed a strong contradiction, therefore, in recent years, the high-rise building has achieved great development, high layer building that covers an area of relative small and large bearing capacity building in the process of urbanization in our country develops rapidly. On the one hand, the development of the high-rise building is a reflection of Chinas economic construction achievements, on the other hand also increased the burden of the economic development of our country. The mention of tall buildings and high-rise buildings, people generally and modernization and economic development together, of course, this is not wrong, analysis and development of urban high-rise must carry on dialectical, although the establishment of numerous high-rise reflects the development situation of Chinas economy, but with the level of urbanization is more and more high, the city with a strained degree also in increasing. According to a survey, in China the number of high-rise buildings have more than 20000 buildings, and more than 100m high level also has more than 1000 buildings. This reflects the important role of Chinas civil engineering profession in society, its influence on human society is very huge, is one of the important guarantee of Chinas social modernization.The development of road construction and economy is mutual restriction relationship, therefore, the construction of highway in civil engineering is very important. Economic development is the foundation of a country, all aspects of national progress can be said to be due to economic development, therefore, the economic development can promote social progress. With the development of economy will drive the business, industry, and service industry, so as to improve the region or country in trade and regional carrying capacity, promoting the development of road transport. Development of specific performance of road traffic is to promote industrial structure improvement, to promote the development of related industries, so as to improve the population quality, improve the urban and rural structure, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, improve the level of urbanization, to promote the comprehensive quality of life of people more quickly into the high level stage.Compared to the past, our country at present the traffic situation and economic development have been greatly improved, but there are still a part of regional transport facilities and equipment can not meet the need of national economy high speed development, but also a part of area due to poor economic development, road construction is relatively lagging behind, therefore, Chinas economic construction and development transportation is not coordination, this phenomenon will have an impact on Chinas population quality is not conducive to the construction and development of Chinas socialist harmonious society. In recent years, along with the proposed the concept of a harmonious society, people attach more and more importance to the building of a harmonious society in all aspects of career, so need to consider from the aspects of system, structure, layout, develop green transportation enterprise, promote the coordinated development of economy, traffic, comprehensive and push the development of economic construction of our country. With the continuous progress of human society, people of resources for the degree is more and more big, the earths resources are limited, therefore, how to use limited resources to feed more people, gain greater development is particularly important. The development trend of civil engineering in the future to change to intensive type, low consumption, and strive for sustainable development and harmonious society building. Based on these, the future direction of development of civil engineering must be extended, extended to the sea to sky, specifically need to look at the future development.At present, Chinas civil engineering in some areas has been in the leading position in the world, but the civil engineering in our country there are still many problems, in terms of technology and design in the future, we should not only strengthen the in technology, but also to improve the in the idea aspect, was built with technology and new materials and also to strengthen the combination of theory and in practice, in the continuous development of the theory at the same time, we should also attach importance to the role of practice, the advanced theory to guide practice, and practice is to put the theory into reality means, therefore, as long as we follow the objective law of development, under the correct leadership of our party, the development of civil engineering in China will become the world in this field a bright star.材料与土木工程土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直译是民用工程，它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程共有六个专业：建筑学，城市规划，土木工程，建筑环境与设备工程，给水排水工程和道路桥梁工程。 土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。对土木工程的发展起关键作用的，首先是作为工程物质基础的土木建筑材料，其次是随之发展起来的设计理论和施工技术。每当出现新的优良的建筑材料时，土木工程就 会有飞跃式的发展。人们在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料从事营造活动，后来出现了砖和瓦这种人工建筑材料，使人类第一次冲破了天然建筑材料的束缚。中国在公元前十一世纪 的西周初期制造出瓦。最早的砖出现在公元前五世纪至公元前三世纪战国时的墓室中。砖和瓦具有比土更优越的力学性能，可以就地取材，而又易于加工制作。 砖和瓦的出现使人们开始广泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。由此土木工程技术得到了飞速的发展。直至1819世纪，在长达两千多年时间里，砖和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建筑材料，为人类文明作出了伟大的贡献，甚至在目前还被广泛采用。 钢材的大量应用是土木工程的第二次飞跃。 十七世纪70年代开始使用生铁、十九世纪初开始使用熟铁建造桥梁和房屋，这是钢结构出现的前奏。 从十九世纪中叶开始，冶金业冶炼并轧制出抗拉和抗压强度都很高、延性好、质量均匀的建筑钢材，随后又生产出高强度钢丝、钢索 。于是适应发展需要的钢结构得到蓬勃发展。除应用原有的粱、拱结构外，新兴的桁架、框架、网架结构、悬索结构逐渐推广，出现了结构形式百花争艳的局面。 建筑物跨径从砖结构、石结构、木结构的几米、几十米发展到钢结构的百米、几百米，直到现代的千米以上。于是在大江、海峡上架起大桥，在地面上建造起摩天大楼和高耸铁塔，甚至在地面下铺设铁路，创造出前所未有的奇迹。适应钢结构工程发展的需要，在牛顿力学的基础上，材料力学、结构力学、工程结构设计理论等就应运而生。施工机械、施工技术和施工组织设计的理论也随之发展，土木工程从经验上升成为科学，在工程实践和基础理论方面都面貌一新，从而促成了土木工程更迅速的发展。 十九世纪20年代，波特兰水泥制成后，混凝土问世了。混凝土骨料可以就地取材，混凝土构件易于成型，但混凝土的抗拉强度很小，用途受到限制。 十九世纪中叶以后，钢铁产量激增，随之出现了钢筋混凝土这种新型的复合建筑材料，其中钢筋承担拉力，混凝土承担压力，发挥了各自的优点。 二十世纪初以来，钢筋混凝土广泛应用于土木工程的各个领域。 从三十年代开始，出现了预应力混凝土。预应力混凝土结构的抗裂性能、刚度和承载能力，大大高于钢筋混凝土结构，因而用途更为广阔。土木工程进入了钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土占统治地位的历史时期。混凝土的出现给建筑物带来了新的经济、美观的工程结构形式，使土木工程产生了新的施工技术和工程结构设计理论。这是土木工程的又一次飞跃发展。我国的土木工程建设从20世纪50年