疯狂的押题课堂笔记.docx

马克思主义基本原理概论1、为什么要坚定对马克思主义信念？、指导思想、理论基础、把握本质规律、提高解决问题能力、坚定对党的信念、对中国特色社会主义的信念2、如何学习马克思主义？、学习理论、武装大脑、理论联系实际的根本方法、用科学态度对待马克思主义-既坚持有，又发展（用哲学的绝对真理和相对真理的关系）第一部分：唯物论把握主观与客观的关系，主观能动性（用主观能动作用原理-两个能动作用（认识世界和改造世界）论述如何发挥精神的能动作用） 如何发挥主观能动性-意识依赖于物质主观能动性与追寻客观规律的关系-两个离不开辩证法总论：唯物辩证法的观点-联系观点、发展观点、矛盾观点联系：联系的普遍性原理-整体（论证为什么改革是全面的，经济全球化）发展及其过程论：任何事物都在发展中，所以要与时俱进（旧的事物必然被新的事所代替）质量互变规律：度-适度，反对过度不及质量与质变关系：任何事物变化从量变开始，量变引起质变，如：修身养性，坚持就能胜利对立统一规律：命题一：贪官性-矛盾的统一性和对立性的关系原理任何关系都是及对立又统一的关系。要学会求同存异-中美关系对立统一-求同存异，取长补短，和谐相处-文明的对立，政治的对立，经济和发展的统一命题二：谈矛盾-、矛盾的普遍性原理-对待矛盾的态度，面对矛盾，具体问题具体分析，没有退路，多找出路科学性原理对待矛盾的方法，矛盾的普遍性和特性关系-个性与共性，绝对与相对，个性包含共性，共性包含于个性之中。i、提供认识事物的一般方法-个别到一般，再到个别ii、把共性与个性相结合，把马克思主义普遍性原理与中国的具体实践有机结合，建设有中国特色的社会主义道路。命题三：解决矛盾时，要区分主次，有众多的矛盾时，抓主要矛盾、辩证否定原理否定的实质就是扬弃，如：如何对待传统文化-扬弃、否定之否定规律，任何事物的发展要经历两次扬弃，主方向是前进的，道路是曲折的，任何事物的发展是前进行和曲折性的统一。认识论命题角度一：谈什么是认识，实践和认识的关系-实践是认识的基础，起决定作用，认识对实践具有指导作用，可以论述三大自信：道路自信（途径）、理论自信（指南）、制度（保证）认识是实践中主体对客体的能动反映-认识是反映和创造的统一，能动创造性命题角度二：如何认识（重点）认识一定要随实践发展而发展，反复无限认识到实践中要经历两次飞跃如何正确认识事物（认识中的非理性因素的作用：精神因素起动力作用，心理因素起激发诱导作用）实践检验是一个过程命题角度三：正确认识事物，直接检验，把握三个关系真理和谬误的关系（区别、联系），绝对真理和相对真理的关系（如何对待马克思主义和毛泽东思想）真理和价值：真理是价值的基础，价值是真理的目的和归宿方法：实践中检验真理原则和价值原则的统一，就要坚持科学精神和人文精神的统一-既要尊重客观规律，又要以人为本。 科学社会发展中，既要坚持客观，又要顾及人文关怀。为什么实践是检验真理的唯一标准？实践标准的不确定性和确定性-表明了实践的对立，检验真理是一个过程唯物史观命题角度一：社会发展，环境人口，前提条件影响作用，方法论意义，资源环境、人口与社会发展相协调，人与自然相和谐科技发展与全球问题：一、科学发展是双刃的，利弊是由人决定的社会意识形态的相对独立性内容：最突出作用，对社会存在具有能动反作用，正确的促进作用，错误的阻碍作用-要加强三大建设：加强思想文化道德建设，要加强社会主义核心价值观，要加强意识形态的理论特征命题角度二：人的发展（人民群众起决定作用，个人起影响作用）人民群众作用：决定作用，是历史的创造者，党的群众路线，实践教育历史人物的作用：重大影响作用（例如：谈邓小平）人的本质理论：来谈如何认识民族自主人权，反对普世价值联系与运动变化发展关系马克思主义认识论（理论基础）与党的思想路线，即群众路线（实际应用）毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论一、坚定三大自信，道路、理论、制度、它们首先是党和人民90多年来奋斗和创造的根本成就、道路是实现途径，理论是行动指南，制度是根本保障、要建设中国特色社会主义的总依据是：初级阶段国情，总布局：五位一体，总任务：实现中华民族伟大复兴只要坚定三大自信，就能够实现双重目标，实现中华民族伟大复兴，双百目标，两个百年二、改革（不是制度，是体制，是解放发展生产力）开放，改革发展稳定相统一中国近代史上三次伟大变革：辛亥革命，新民主主义革命，改革开放五大建设（必考）一、经济建设，经济体制改革，市场取向的改革，为此要处理好市场和政府的关系，市场起决定作用，政府起调控作用。中国经济的升级版：过去粗放型，现在集约型转变经济发展方式：靠科技创新，建设创新型国家。城镇化建设，城乡一体化，如何推动城乡一体化：、建立新型工农城乡关系，以工促农、农民要平等参与现代化进程，共享现代化成果。、城乡要素平等交换，公共资源均衡配置、完善城镇化健康发展体制机制二、政治建设（中国特色的社会主义政治）、党的领导-根本保证、人民当家作主-出发点和归宿、依法治国-治理国家方略如何认识坚持党的领导-是中国特色社会主义的本质属性。为什么依法治国也要加强党的领导-人民当家作主，人民代表大会60周年十八届四中全会-依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。一个目标，五大体系（法律规范、实施、保障）五大原则：党的领导，人民主体地位，依法治国与以德治国相统一六大任务：为什么依法治国中要加强党的领导，要加强依宪治国三、文化建设（社会主义核心价值观）习近平的五四讲话青年人如何践行社会主义核心价值观，如何对待传统文化以及，以文艺座谈会上讲话，如何加强文艺创作，来推动文化建设。四、社会建设（创新社会治理体制）、改进社会治理方式、激发社会组织活力、创新有效预防和化解社会矛盾体制、健全公共安全体系、生态文明建设（尊重、敬重，节约优先，保护优先，顺应保护自然，绿色低碳，循环发展）建设中国特色社会主义的依靠力量和领导力量一、依靠力量，建设中国特色社会主义根本目的-一切为了人民。从理论上，唯物史观的体现-群众史观从党的宗旨上，全心全意为人民服务，是发展中国特色社会主义的根本要求。二、如何认识党的民族政策和宗教政策-反对极端宗教主义，民族封建主义，维护民族团结，国家统一党的民族政策：民族平等-前提、基础、基石，民族团结-根本保证、根本原则、核心内容共同繁荣-根本出发点和归宿坚持民族区域自治制度三、党的宗教政策：宗教信仰自由政策，依法管理宗教事务，坚持独立自办原则，积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应，实行政教分离原则。五、党的建设和党的领导如何认识和坚持党的领导：党的群众路线，实践教育如何推进党的建设，如何加强党的反腐倡廉建设：要坚持权力在阳光下运行，要让权力受制度制约，当下反腐任务十分艰巨，要加强重点领域的管理，要加强反腐倡廉制度建设，从而使得不敢腐，不想腐，不能腐。中国近现代史纲要（重点在大题）鸦片战争以来，中华民族为了救亡图存，各种政治力量，各种方案都登上了历史舞台，无一例外都失败了，中国的发展进步，客观上要求先进的理论和先进的力量，从而党的诞生成为历史的必然。意义：、党的成立使中国革命有了坚强的领导力量、使中国革命有了科学的指导思想、使中国的社会发展有了正确方式、使中国革命有了新的革命方案，所以历史证明，没有中国共产党就没有新中国，中国革命的面貌就不能焕然一新。中国共产党的三大贡献，完成了三件大事：、领导了新民主主义革命、领导了社会主义革命、领导了改革开放坚持发展中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路：两句结论：、改革开放以来，中国取得的一切成就和进步的根本原因-开辟了中国特色社会主义道路、党和人民90多年来，奋斗创造积累的根本成就就开创并发展了中国特色社会主义、实现中国梦必须走的道路-中国特色社会主义道路。思想道德修养与法律基础如何做人？、要有思想信念，理想与信念即是不同的，又是统一的。、做人要有精神，十八大第一次提出中国精神爱国主义：时代价值，是中国民族的精神支柱，是祖国统一，民族团结的纽带，是实现中华民族复兴的动力，是实现人生价值的动力源泉全球化下如何弘扬爱国主义：人有地域信念的不同，但报效祖国之心不应有差别，科学没有国界，但科学家有祖国，在经济全球化中，要始终维持国家主权和尊严。如何做忠实的爱国者？自觉维护国家利益维护祖国统一，增强国防观念，增强国家安全意识做人要有价值-正确处理好个人与社会的关系考研英语小作文：包括1、申请信2、慰问信3、招募和欢迎4、感谢信5、祝贺信1、申请信例文：Dear sir,I would like to apply for one of the scholarships that your department may be offering to students from other countries.I am a postgraduate student in Peking university. I am majoring in computer science ,and have done some research work during my study years. I hope to have a further study and continue to do my research work if I succeed in obtaining the scholarship. Would you please send me the necessary application forms and any further details about the scholarship?Enclosed please find two letters of recommendation and my score report card .Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to your reply. Respectfully yours Li Ming2、慰问信例文：Dear William,I am shocked to hear that you have a severe influenza and now are in hospital. I get this news from your brother and know you must be absent for half a month from the classes. Do be careful while you are ill. Dont worry about your lessons and I am willing to help you learn it when you return. We are best friendsso I will never allow you to fall behind. You can watch television or listen to radio programs to help kill time and forget your pains while you recuperate. I do hope that I can see you soon and bring you some funny cartoons. If there is anything you need me to do, just let me know. We all miss you and shall be happy when you are back. Yours truly , Li Ming3、招募和欢迎 My dear new friends, You are welcomed to join in our English club. I am very glad that you will be a part of our fantastic club. Established in 2001, our club has celebrated her 10th birthday. In the past 10 years, a lot of interesting activities have been designed and organized. Our most famous activities include talk shows, speech competition and role play competition. In our club, you will have ample opportunities to enjoy English movies, meet foreign friends and of course practice your oral English with them. I am sure you will enjoy the happy moments in our club and make progress in your English learning.4、感谢信 Dear , I hope this letter finds you in good spirit and the best of health. I am writing this letter to acknowledge with profound gratitude the generous help that you offered to me last Sunday. You are a man of golden heart. I am deeply moved that you not only try to return a lost wallet picked up on pavement but also actually run all over the city to give it back to me. Nowadays, it is convenient for people to ignore other ones troubles in the current all-for-oneself atmosphere. Your unselfish act reignites my hope and faith in a loving world, where strangers can be dear friends. Thank you again for your kind-heartedness and for sparing me the distresses that would very possibly have been incurred. Yours Sincerely,5、祝贺信Dear ,Wish this letter finds well. Congratulations on your receiving the offer from Harvard University. I feel really happy for you as its a ticket to the best university within the country and also a chance to work with and learn from the great minds. But indeed this news does not come as a surprise at all, because your incredible talent, ambition and persistence will always stand you out in the crowd, no matter how big it maybe. It cannot be more fitting to say that this is an offer that matches your intelligence and continued efforts. I salute you on your success. You are on way to achieve great things. A glorious future is near at your hand. Yours Sincerely万能语料：表示原因 1、The reason for changing my working plan is about my wife, who is going to give birth of our first child next week in my hometown. My wife and I are both nervous and somewhat excited for this big event.As a husband and would be father, I think, I must go back and stay with my wife and wait for my first child coming to the world. I cannot stand the worry and anxiety caused by the whole matter, so I have to decide to change my working schedule.2、It is a hard decision for me to leave, but to contribute to the development is promoting the program for developing the western region and creased capital input to expedite infrastructure construction there. I hope my personal growth can be linked with the development of my hometown. Therefore, I decided to quit my job and hope you can understand my choice. 万能结束套话: By the way, as the New Year is approaching, I take this opportunity to send my greetings and best wishes to you for 2014. I sincerely look forward to continued friendly ties with you. With best wishes! At New Year and always, may peace and love fill your heart, beauty fill your world. Wishing you a sparkling, bright and happy New Year! May the season bring much pleasure to you.图画作文：第一段：第一句：图画描述句：四种结构：完全倒装，非谓语动词，定语从句，独立主格第二句：图画影响句1、Reportedly, the great concern among the public has been aroused by the picture.据报道，这幅画引起了公众的极大关心。2、The topic illustrated in the picture will make good copy in the newspaper.这幅图画所展示的话题将成为新闻报道的好素材。3、This picture captures the online communitys great attention and abundant imagination.这幅图画引起了网络群体的关注和想象。4、The drawing above dramatizes an issue/phenomenon that captures the public imagination/attention.上图表现了一问题/现象，引起了人们的想象/关注5、This picture has triggered/sparked/stimulated/generated/induced a heated discussion on the Weibo, the most influential social media in China.这幅图画在微博上引起了热烈的讨论。6、The picture has set in motion a wide-ranging discussion that involves professionals as well as layman alike.图画引起了广泛的讨论，涉及到专业人士也涉及到非专业人士。第三句：图画意义句1、Simple as the picture is, the author intends to convey much more complicated and profound meaning than what we may sense at the first glance.虽然图画很简单，但是作者却在传递着比我们第一眼看到的要复杂很多，意义深刻很多。2、This simple picture touches a deep cord of the complex social fabric.这幅简单的图画深深触及了复杂社会结构的一环。3、We cannot afford to turn a blind eye to the problem highlighted by this picture.对于图画所展现的问题我们无法直视。4、The picture carries a profound message that demands our devoted attention and instant action.这幅图画传递而来深刻的信息，需要我们特别关注和立即行动。5、It is easy for the readers to treat the picture only at its face value, while to ignore the profound morals that the author has instilled.对于读者来讲，比较容易只看到其表面的含义，而忽视其作者想表达的深刻意义。“个人能力和品质”的写作句：1、顺境与逆境（Favorable Circumstance and adverse Circumstances）2、勤奋（hard working, diligence, painstaking efforts） 3、谨慎（prudence and determination）4、坚持/毅力（perseverance, persistence, determination） 5、热情/乐观（enthusiasm and optimism ）6、博学和求知（learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge）7、活力（vitality） 8、身强体壮，充满活力（bursting with vitality and good health）9、独立（independence） 10、感恩（gratitude, gratification）11、创新（creation, innovation, critical mind, critical thinking, unconventional thinking）12、鼓励（encouragement）13、真诚（sincerely）14、宽容（humanity， love, understanding and tolerance）15、自满和谦逊（Being self-satisfied and being modest）16、勇敢（courage and bravery）17、敬业精神（professional dedication and professional ethics）18、业务水平（competence）19、苦难（suffering and hardship）20、简朴（simplicity）21、谦逊的耐心（moderation and patience）22、适应性（adaptability）23、果敢性（decisiveness）24、羡慕（administration）嫉妒（jealousy， envy）第二段：第一句：The picture tells us that nothing can be compared with creation or innovation when it comes to the cultivation of individual characteristics./for the personal growth. It is manifested in the picture that the courage to think outside the box is the key not only for the growth of an individual but also for the nation as a whole. 这幅图显示跳出固有思维模式的勇气不仅是个人成长更是整个国家发展的关键。第二句： Put it another way, without it, one could hardly/barely taste victory. To be sure, without the courage to engage in unknown journey and to embrace unexpected detours or setbacks, we would have no any advance to speak of. Those who stick to independent thinking will not denied fair returns, favorable positions or even fantastic feats. 那些坚持独立思考的人一定会获得公平的回报，有利的职位甚至辉煌的成就。第三句： No one would deny that, independence is truly the fundamental attribute of top performers, which separates the high achievers from the rest of the pack. This personal trait is what distinguishes top-performers from the rest of the pack, which not only boosts their career, reap in profits but also facilitate the advancement of the whole society. Our era prizes people who possess this attribute as winners and rewards companies that value it with wealth. 我们的时代青睐那些拥有这种特性的人和公司，让他们成为赢家，或者巨大的财富。第四句： The key to equation of individual success lies in ones possession of this quality, a well-accepted fact that is affirmed by ones focusing on the target and unwavering perseverance. 一个人成功的秘诀就在于拥有这一品质，这是一个不争的事实，而且一个人能专注于目标并不懈的努力那就更是如此了。 The startling amount of sale on singles Day, a brain child of Jack Ma, has proved one case in point, critical thinking and innovation is the bedrock to the generation of personal success and bu