辽宁省学士英语辅导教材1至3页.doc

Unit One EducationText AThe History of Education in ChinaMany scholars believe the history of education in China can be traced back to as far as the 16th century B. C. 许多学者认为，中国教育的历史可以追溯到公元前第十六世纪, during the late Xia Dynasty晚夏王朝时期 (1523 B. C. -1027 B. C.). Throughout this period of time在这段时间, education was the privilege of the elites教育是精英的特权.In the teaching of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770 B. C.-221 B. C.) 在文化教学在春秋战国时期,the curriculum was mainly based on The Four Books and The Five Classics. 本课程主要是基于四和五的经典书籍。 Confucianism probably has the biggest influence on education of China throughout the entire Chinese history. Later in Han Dynasty儒家思想对中国的教育可能有最大的影响在中国整个历史。在汉代以后, a form of public education system was established. 一种形式的公共教育体系的建立。 Not only elites from upper class families can study in schools, but also common people. 从上层阶级的家庭不仅精英可以在学校学习，而且普通人。 In Confucianism, a gentleman (Chun Tzu) considers what is right, 儒家，君子（君子）考虑什么是对的 while the peasant considers what will pay. 而农民认为什么将支付 A gentleman trusts in justice, 一个绅士相信正义 while the peasant trusts in favor. 而有利于农民信托 A gentleman is generous and fair, 一个绅士很慷慨、公正 while the peasant is biased and petty. 而农民的偏见和狭小。 A gentleman is easy to serve, 绅士是服务方便，and hard to please. The peasant is hard to serve, and easy to please. A gentleman is to know what we know, and know what we do not know. The basic concept of gentleman in Confucianism often emphasizes the different behaviors-between the gentleman and the peasant. A peasant in ancient Chinese society can be better described as todays common man or average citizen. As a result, not everyone can be a gentleman in ancient Chinese society. In fact, studying Confucianism itself was limited to very few people in ancient China。Most of them are from ruling and upper class families. They were the group of people in need to educate in the classics and understand morality. They needed to understand why things have to be done as they had the duty to their families, ancestors and the empire. Gentleman with knowledge will then carry out Chinese cultural traditions or even set rules of society for others. On the other hand, the common people should follow the traditions and rules. In ancient Chinese culture, there was no need for the common people to know why. For common people, studying Confucianism and being a gentleman had been the most efficient way for them to advance into upper class. During Han Dynasty, the first civil service exam was set up. Confucianism, with no surprise, was one of the key subjects to study for the civil service exam. Provincial schools were established countrywide and the Confucianism tradition of education was spread all over China. “To enrich your family, there is no need to buy good land: books hold a thousand measures of grain. For an easy life, there is no need to build mansion: in books are found houses of gold. When you go out, do not be upset if no one follows you: in books there will be a crowd of horses and carriages. If you wish to marry, dont be upset if you dont have a go-between: in books there are girls with faces like jade. A young man who wishes to be somebody will devote his time to the Classics. He will face the window and read.” There were people who spend their entire lifetime studying on Confucianism in order to get respected, not only for themselves, but also for the pride of their family lines. The civil service exam system from the Han Dynasty had been used until the Qing Dynasty。Changes had been made throughout thousands of years of history, and more western influence was brought into the Chinese education system during the Qing Dynasty. With the humiliating defeat under the hands of British army in the Opium War (1840-1842) , scholars and government officials suggested a major restructure of education system, developing new areas such as foreign languages, science and technology. In 1911, the Qing Dynasty itself was overthrown by revolution, and a republican form of government was established. At that time, government completely abandoned the traditional way of education. New educational models from Europe, America and Japan were set up in China. Before 1946, the country had only 1,300 kindergartens, 289,000 primary schools and 4266 secondary schools. With the adoption of the policy of reform and opening to the out side world in 1978, basic education entered a new era of progress. In 1985, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued the “Decision on the Reform of the Educational Structure”, laying down the principle that local governments should be responsible for basic education. The new policy was an incentive for local governments, especially those of the counties and townships.In1986, the National Peoples Congress promulgated the “Compulsory Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China”, thus placing basic education in the country on a firm legal basis. In 1993, the Central Committee and the State Council jointly issued the “Guidelines for the Reform and Development of Education in China”, clarifying the directions and basic policies for the development of basic education till the early years of the 21st century. In early 1999, the State Council ratified the “Action Plan for Educational Vitalization Facing the 2lst Century” formulated by the Ministry of Education (MOE), laying down the implementation of the strategy of “Invigorate China through Science, Technology and Education” and drawing the blueprint of reform and development for the cross century education based on the “Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China” and the “Guidelines for the Reform and Development of Education i