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Chinese GardenIn almost every garden, there is a large space in the garden set in a landscape of artistically arranged rockeries, ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees, and flowers.Chinese gardens have their distinct national characteristics to pay attention to natural beauty so as to satisfy peoples feeling of getting close to natureThe Chinese garden is divided into three categories: the imperial gardens, the private gardens and the landscape gardens.requires that artists have greater and higher ingenuity and imaginationGarden architecture is a combination of structures and man-made landscape with natural scenery. It does not only provide lodging but also landscaping with architecture, environment and human in full harmony.Traditional Chinese architectural featuresThe fundamental elements(1) the base built with earth, stone or brick; (2) the earth or brick wall, and wood pillar and crossbeam; (3) roofCharacteristics: (1) wood, brick, tile and earth as the main materials; (2) a framework; (3) flexible layout-arranging; (4) standardized independent building; (5) stressing the layout of the complex; (6) exquisite structure and decorations.-The ancient palaces were strictly laid out on central axis. - Yellow roof tiles were used. -The wooden columns of the buildings, as well as the surface of the walls, tend to be red in color. -The Chinese dragon was heavily used on Imperial architecture.Types of Ancient Chinese ArchitecturePalace Architecture Garden Architecture Temple Architecture Tomb Architecture Civilian Residential HousingArchitectural Features of Palace Architecture:-The ancient palaces were strictly laid out on central axis. - Yellow roof tiles were used. -The wooden columns of the buildings, as well as the surface of the walls, tend to be red in color. -The dragon totem was frequently decorated on Imperial architecture.Chinese garden architecture includes both grand imperial gardens and delicate private ones. They are all fine combinations of natural beauty and man-made scenery. The running water, hills and stones create an artistic environment with exquisite layouts of flowers, trees, gardens, bridges, and inscribed boards and scrolls hung on hall pillars.Taoist Temple Confucian Temple Buddhist Temple Islamic TempleChinese modern architecture develops from 1949. It also has distinct characteristics. The modern architecture looks more beautiful. At present, nearly all the big cities in China have numerous high-rise buildings and lots of block of flats. Some are famous. Here are some examples Ancient ModernCharacteristicOriginal ,various style and unique rigid, disharmoniousComfort ability good betterBuilding materialwood, brick made from earth, little amount metal brick, concrete, all kinds of metalInspiration life and nature Western countryBuilding debris Almost friendly to environment Difficult to deal, only to buryThe most significant characteristic of ancient Chinese architecture:the use of timber/wooden frameworkAdvantages: materials for constructing such structures were easily available and construction methods were relatively simple the wooden frame structures are shock-resistant, because the parts are linked by tenon-and-mortise (榫卯) joints so that they are safer in earthquakes the wooden framework bears all the weight of the building, which makes the installation of both the outer and inner walls flexible and able to be placed in accordance with practical needsDis： Their durability is not as good as structures of brick or stone. wood grows very slowly and cannot be cut on a large scale recklessly. Imperial Palaces（宫殿建筑） Traditional Chinese Gardens（园林建筑） Altars and Temples （坛庙建筑） Religious Structures（宗教建筑） Tombs and Mausoleums（陵墓建筑） Residential Houses（民居建筑Do you know why these houses usually face south?-These houses usually face south in order to get more sunlight during winter. -People believe that facing south will bring good feng shui.1 The major features of palaces in ancient China 中国古代宫殿建筑的特点Timber framework 木架结构Courtyard composition and layout 院落布局Paint much used 多使用油漆Varied roof patterns 多变的屋顶3 中国古代宫殿建筑的布局 The layout of the palaces 3.1 布局的特点 Characteristics of the layout： Courtyard composition院落布局Principle of symmetry 严格对称Principle of hierarchy 等级分明White: Sinister, evil, crafty, treacherous, and suspicious. Anyone wearing a white mask is usually the villain. Green: Impulsive, violent, no self restraint or self control. Red: Brave, loyal.Black: Rough, fierce, or impartial. Yellow: Ambitious, fierce, cool-headed.Blue: Steadfast, someone who is loyal and sticks to one side no matter what.The Official SchoolsGreat School (太学)Hong Du Men School （鸿都门学）Noble School (官邸学)County School (郡国学)Private Schools: restored Jinshe (精舍) Jinglu (精庐)Xueguan (学馆), Sishu(私塾)(Maitreya(弥勒佛) , Avalokitesvara （观音）, Manjusri （文殊）, Samantabhadra （普贤）, Ksitigarbha （地藏）pantheistic(泛神论) Brahmanism(婆罗门), the ancient form of Hinduism（印度教）karma(因缘), samsara/transmigration(轮回), and moksa/liberation(解脱1. To live is to suffer. (苦)2. The cause of suffering is self-centered desire and attachments. (集)3. Suffering ends when one is freed from desire. The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments , thus achieving Nirvana (灭)4. The way to Nirvana is through the “Eight-Fold Path.” (道)The “Five Classics” (of the past):The Book of Poetry (诗)The Book of Documents (书)The Book of Rites (礼)Yi-Ching or Classic of Changes (易经）The Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋)Paper - first appeared in the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-23AD) In the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), a court official named Cai Lun made a new kind of paper from bark, hemp, rags, fishnet, wheat stalks and other materials. Gunpowder, also called black powder, is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. has been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. By AD 593, woodblock printing was in wide use in China, and the first printed periodical, the Kaiyuan Za Bao was made available in Beijing in AD 713. Compass The compass started out as a wooden circle with markings on it, and a magnetic spoon on top.Zhang Heng: Hou Feng Di Dong Yi The armillary sphereZhoubi Suanjing周髀算经 Jiuzhang Suanshu九章算术Jia Sixie贾思勰: Essential Skills in Improving Peoples Life齐民要术：farming and husbandry planting and drought controlLi Daoyuan郦道元: Notes on Water Classic 水经注Shen Kuo 沈括: Brush Talks from Dream Brook 梦溪笔谈Xu Xiake 徐霞客: The Travel Diaries of Xu Xiake徐霞客游记Xu Guangqi 徐光启: The Book of Agriculture 农政全书Song Yingxing 宋应星: Exploitation of the Works of Nature 天工开物Compared the IES with the college entrance examination S: (1) select the talented to serve for the country(2) examination- oriented , students lack in creativity (3) fair superficially, actually unfair (4) top ones can win the reputation (5) motivate the learners to acquire the knowledge(6) foster students competitive awarenessD: (1) The purposes are different . IES is influenced by politics , while the college entrance examination is not. (2) The period of the exams. IES: once every 3 years CEE: once a year(3) Demands are different IES: the exam content is the Four Books and Five classics CEE: the exam content is arts and sciences(4) The status of IES is higher than the college entrance examination(5) Achievements IES: to be an official CEE: to enter the university(6) Sex demand IES: limited to male CEE: female and male (7) The college entrance examination is much more fair than IES.(8) The college entrance examination has regional discrimination, but IES doesnt have.IEA & CEEBoth of them are selective and fair examinations to pick up the intellectuals .The imperial examination system was to select the scholars to be officials.The college entrance examination is to select students to enter the colleges .Both of them are time-consuming and competitive examinations .There is an old saying about the imperial examination system ,十年寒窗无人问,一举成名天下知At present , students who enter the college entrance examination may study at primary schools and secondary schools for nealy 12 years.Both of them focus on the written examinations, for instance the eight-part essays. To some extent, these examinations stifle the candidates creativity and imagination.Aim:The imperial examination system was select scholars to be officials at various levels of the bureaucracy. It is used to serve the authorities and rulers.The college entrance examination offers a way to students to fulfill their potential and academic performance.Examination structure:The imperial examination system emphasis the humanities, such as poem ,scripture and eight-part essays.The college entrance examination includes the humanities and the sciences, such as English, physics and chemistry.Thus, the college entrance examination is more comprehensive than IES.Acceptance rates:The acceptance rates of the imperial examination system is very low, such as zhuangyuan,bangyan and tanhua.The acceptance rates of the college entrance examination is very much higher than the IES. The acceptance rates of the college entrance examination in 2012 was 75%.The Eight-part essay (八股文): setting the theme (破题) exposition (承题)explanation (起讲)proceeding to set hand (入手)the stating part (起股) the middle part (中股) the real part (后股) the ending part (束股)Ruler-minister: benevolence-loyalty 忠Father-son: kindness-filial piety 孝Husband-wife: righteousness-obedience 悌