篇章翻译练习.doc

Opera in Three Acts背景知识三幕歌剧Music by Richard Wagner作曲 理查德瓦格纳Text in German by the composer, after Wolfram von Eschenbachs Parzifal人名 and Chrtien deTroyes Legends of the Grail歌剧名德语版剧本的编剧也是由作者完成的，参考了沃尔夫拉姆 冯 埃申巴赫（德国诗人）帕西法尔以及克雷蒂安德特鲁瓦（法国诗人）的 圣杯的传说。World Premiere: Bayreuth, Festspielhaus地名, July 26, 1882U.S. Premiere: Metropolitan Opera机构名, March 3, 1886 (concert performance); December 24, 1903 (staged) 世界首映：1882年 6月26日 在拜罗伊特（德国巴伐利亚州的一个城市名）节庆大剧院上演。美国首映：1886年3月3日在纽约大都会歌剧院以音乐会的形式供人欣赏； 1903年12月24日正式登台演出。Wagner, Leitmotifs术语, and Gesamtkunstwerk术语瓦格纳歌剧的主乐调以及整体艺术观A Leitmotif (also spelled leitmotiv) is a term coined by Wagners friend H. von Wolzogen to denote the fundamental method of composition in Wagners later operas, that is, the representation of characters, situations, and recurrent ideas by musical motifs. Wagner himself used the term GRUNDTHEMA or basic theme. These leitmotifs are not rigidly fixed melodies but are used very flexibly with modification in rhythm, pitch, tempo, etc. according to the requirement of the particular situation. It should be noted that the extensive Tables of Letimotifs 术语found in popular editions of Wagners operas are not by him, nor are any of the names they bear.主导动机这个专业术语是由瓦格纳的一个叫冯 沃尔措根的朋友提出的，他在描述瓦格纳晚期歌剧创作中所使用的基本创作手法（人物象征、环境烘托、主题再现）时提到了音乐剧的主导动机。瓦格纳自己则是使用“整体艺术观”、“基本主题”来表达相同的意思。主导动机并非是指某些非常固定的旋律，而是指根据歌剧中不同的场景在韵律、音高、节奏等方面做出灵活的调整。需要注意的是瓦格纳歌剧的通行本中出现的“主导动机图谱”一词并不是他本人提出的，和上述的2个术语没有任何关系。All of Wagners later operas (The Ring, Tristan und Isolde, Die Meistersinger, and Parsifal术语) are based on a concept of the Music Drama as a universal art form, GESAMTKUNSTWERK, in which all the constituent arts are transfigured, sacrificing their individual identity and some of their special characteristics for the new association. Music is no longer divided into traditional arias and recitatives; instead, the music is a continuous flow.瓦格纳后期所有的歌剧作品，包括尼伯龙根的指环、特里斯坦与伊索尔德、纽伦堡的名歌手以及帕西法尔，都是基于“整体艺术观”这种创作思想，即将整个音乐剧看成一个不可分割的艺术整体，即为了达到新的艺术水平，歌剧中所有的艺术元素都摒弃了自身的特征与特点。音乐不再有咏叹调与宣叙调之分，而是如行云流水般连贯发展。In Wagners theory of Gesamtkunstwerk, myths are an ideal subject not merely because theyre entertaining, but also because they are significant or symbolic. The meaning of a myth is expressed in poetry, but it is inevitably impelled toBe impelled to 搭配 song, since only music is capable of conveying the intensity of feeling to which the ideas of the poem give riseGive rise to 搭配. 在瓦格纳“整体艺术观”的理论中，神话是永恒的完美主题，不仅仅是因为神话具有娱乐性，而是因为他们具有非常重要的象征意义。本身诗歌就能表达神话的主题了，但是此处却要将他付诸音乐之中，因为只有音乐才能够把诗歌中蕴含的思想更加强烈的表达出来。Wagners music is flexible (non-periodic rhythm术语) and free (no formal divisions introrecitative and aria). The orchestral music is continuous throughout an act and in unified by the use of the LEITMOTIF. These short musical themes, each connected with a particular person, thing or idea, recur, vary, or develop musically in accordance with the recurrence, variation, or develop