英语构词法对语法填空的解题帮助.docx

英语构词法对语法填空的解题帮助英语词汇的构成有一定的规律和法则，这种造词的方法我们叫做“构词法”。掌握一定的构词法知识，可以降低阅读中的生词量，使阅读更流畅。当然，构词法也能对我们的高考新题型语法填空产生极大的帮助1三种主要构词法英语主要有三种构词法，即转化法、合成法和派生法。1. 转化法就是把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种词类。如：You canwaterthe flowers with dirty water. 你可以用脏水浇花。说明：第一个water是动词（浇水），第二个water是名词（水）2. 合成法就是把两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词。如：Few people realized thatdustmenwere doing an important job.很少有人意识到清洁工人的工作非常重要。说明：dustman（清洁工）由dust和man两个单词合成，dustmen是其复数形式。3. 派生法就是将一个单词附加前缀或后缀，变为一个新单词。前缀附加在单词前面，一般不改变原词的词类，但会引起词义的变化。后缀附加在单词后面，一般不改变原词的基本含义，但会引起词类的变化。如：We think itimpossibleto finish the work on time.我们认为不可能按时完成这个任务。说明：impossible就是在词根possible前面加上前缀im-后构成的一个派生词。词根possible(可能的)和派生词impossible(不可能的)都是形容词，词类没变，词义变了。My grandpa looks very healthy. 我爷爷看起来很健康。说明：healthy就是在词根health后加上后缀-y构成的派生词。health(健康)是名词，healthy(健康的)是形容词，词义不变，词类变了。2重要考点提示在语法填空中，经常会用到构词法，且考查的重点是派生词。如：(1)We drank together and talked _38_ (merry) till far into the night(2)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their_ 39 _ (nature) course.以上两题都是考查考生对派生法的掌握情况的，第（1）题中的drank和talked都是动词，修饰谓语动词作状语，应用副词，所以填merrily；（2）中的course是名词，在名词前作定语用形容词，所以填natural。3常见前缀与后缀1. 常见前缀前缀含义例词en-使可能enrich丰富 enable 使能够，使有机会 enlarge 扩大dis-不，否定dissatisfy使不满意 disappear 消失 disagree 不同意dishonesty不诚实 disadvantage 不利条件un-不unable 不能够 unlucky 不幸的 unhappy 不开心的un+ v.做相反动作undress脱衣服 unload 卸货 uncover 揭开in-im-ir-il-不，非inactive 不活跃的 incorrect 不正确的impolite不礼貌的 impossible不可能的 immoral 不道德的irregular 不规则的 irresponsible不负责任的illogical 不合逻辑的 illegal 非法的non-不，非non-existent不存在的 non-stop 直达的,连续不断的mis-错误的，坏的misunderstand 误解 mislead 误导 misfortune 厄运,不幸Re-重复，再rewrite重写, remarry 再婚super-在上面，超级supermarket 超市 supermodel 超级名模 superstar 超级明星under-在之下underestimate低估 underground 地下的inter-相互，之间international国际的 interact 交流,合作,相互作用semi-半semifinal 半决赛 semicircle半圆 semi-conscious 半昏迷半清醒的multi-多，多种multi-national多国的 multi-colored多种颜色的 multi-cultural多文化的kilo-千kilometer 千米,公里 kilogram 千克tele-远telephone 电话 television 电视a-在上/里向.aboard 在船/火车/飞机上 ahead 在前面aside向旁边 abroad在国外2. 名词后缀后 缀含 义例 词n.+er相关的人farmer 农夫 officer 官员v.+er从事某种职业、进行某种活动的人teacher 教师 worker 工人reader 读者 writer 作家地点名词+er住在某处的人Londoner 伦敦人 villager 村民-ess女actress 女演员 hostess 女主人-or同er-conductor 售票员 visitor 游客 inventor 发明家 actor 演员 survivor 幸存者 editor 编辑-ar同er-beggar 乞丐-ese某国人,某国语Chinese 中国人,汉语 Japanese 日本人,日语-ian从事某职业的人musician 音乐家 physician医师,内科医生-ist从事某职业的人scientist科学家 dentist牙医 pianist 钢琴家 artist 艺术家 communist共产主义者 socialist社会主义者-ment行为的结果argument 争论 judgment判断-ness状态, 情况,特征happiness幸福 illness疾病-tion动作,行为dictation听写 preparation准备-ship身份,状态leadership领导 friendship友谊 citizenship 国籍；公民权-anceacceptance接受 appearance 外表；出现-enceconfidence信息 reference参考n.+ful以该名词容量为单位的量glassful 一杯 mouthful 一口plateful 一盘 spoonful 一羮匙-alrefusal拒绝 denial 抵赖 arrival 到达 approval 赞成；批准 burial 埋葬； 葬礼 survival 幸存-ydifficulty困难 possibility 可能性-ismsocialism社会主义 materialism唯物主义3 . 形容词后缀后 缀例 词-alindustrial 工业的 national国家的,民族的-anEuropean欧洲的 American美国的,美洲的-erneastern东方的 northern北方的 southern南方的-ablereasonable合理的 believable 可相信的 unbearable 难以忍受的-fulcareful仔细的,小心的 cheerful兴高采烈的 beautiful 美丽的-ishchildish孩子般的 selfish自私的 foolish 愚蠢的-iveactive活跃的,积极的 creative创造性的 destructive 破坏的；毁灭性的-ythirsty口渴的 dirty脏的 windy有风的-engolden金色的,金的 wooden木的,木质的 woolen 羊毛的-ouscontinuous持续的 various各种各样的-aryimaginary幻想的 revolutionary革命的-icrealistic现实的 historic历史的-sometroublesome麻烦的 lonesome孤独的, 寂寞的-likechildlike孩子般的,单纯的 womanlike女人般的-lyfriendly友好的 lovely可爱的-lesscareless 粗心的 harmless无害的 homeless 无家可归的 useless 无用的4. 动词后缀后缀含义例 词-en使成为,使具有widen加宽 sharpen削尖 deepen 加深 strengthen 加强shorten 缩短 soften 软化 quicken 加快adj. +ize使变成, 使化Americanize 美国化 civilize 使开化modernize 现代化 nationalize国有化-y使化beautify 美化 simplify简化5. 副词后缀-ly是最常见的副词后缀, 可以附加在形容词后，构成与原形容词意义相同的副词。如：slowly 缓慢地happily高兴地truly 真实地wholly 全部地simply 纯粹地4解题技巧解答这类试题，首先要结合不同词类的不同用法来分析判断用哪种词类的词，然后再根据构词法将括号中的词改为所需要的词类。具体来说，须注意以下四点。1. 动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词后一般接名词或动名词, 如果所给单词是其它词类, 就要将其改为名词, 并注意名词数的变化。(1)Do you know the _ (deep) of the river?(2)His _ (careful) resulted in the terrible accident(3)He is one of the _ (science) who support this theory.答案：(1) depth (2) carelessness (3) scientists2. 动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词, 如果所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式，如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式；如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词。如：(1)Please pay _ (attend) to your handwriting.(2) His _ (arrive) made the situation worse.(3)The teacher was angry at my _ (come) late.答案：(1) attention (2) arrival (3) coming3. 动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时, 还要考虑副词级的变化。如：(1)The boy ran _ (quick) to school.(2)“Whats that?” Father shouted _ (angry).(3)The little girl is _（extreme）eager to know the result of the exam。(4). He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” _ (height).答案：(1) quickly (2) angrily (3) extremely (4) higher4. 在名词前作定语，在系动词后做表语，以及作主语或宾语的补足语时，通常要用形容词 如果所需词为形容词时, 还要考虑形容词级的变化。(1) Whats the _ (width) river in the world?(2) The _ (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.答案：(1) widest (2) stronger5即时训练单句填空：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. Mary was very _ at the news, so she looked _ at her husband, her eyes full of _ (sad).2. He _football very well and he was one of the best _ in yesterdays football match. (play)3. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! She seems to be the _ girl in the world (happy).4. To our _, the headmaster was very _ with our report. (satisfy)5. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent)6. I should _ my task and make it _ to finish it. (simple)7. The boy having the _ of being half starved _, never to be seen again. (appear)8. The police _ the pot and _ a plot against the President. (cover)9. You are so _ to help me. Thank you for your _. (kindly)10. Everything is becoming _ than before and many college students had to work to make some mone y for their college _. (expend)语篇填空：用所给词的适当形式填空ARafting is an_1_ (excite) adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience_2_(natural) . If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks. If you are looking for more_3_（excite）, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is_4_（adventure）and_5_(difficulty) than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves_6_ (quick). You have to be_7_ (care) not to hit rocks, trees and other_8_ (dangerous). The name “Whitewater” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.BSteve Jones is an_1_(environment) expert who tries to keep animals and plants from_2_(become) endangered. If we know more about what causes_3_ (danger), we may be able to take measures before it is too late. A species can become _4_ (endanger) for_5_ (differ) reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is_6_ (comfort) and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. Otherwise they can not live_7_ (comfortable). They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live_8_ (succeed) in their habitat.【参考答案】一、单句填空1. sad, sadly, sadness 2. played, players 3. happily, happiest4. satisfaction, satisfied 5. inventor; inventions 6. simplify, simpler/simple7. appearance, disappeared 8. discovered, uncovered9. kind, kindness 10. more expensive, expenses二、语篇填空A. 1. exciting 2. nature 3. excitement 4. adventurous 5. difficult6. quickly 7. careful 8. dangersB. 1. environmental 2. becoming 3. endangerment 4. endangered5. different 6. comfortable 7. comfortably 8. successfully高考英语必考39个重点句型句型1would rather that somebody did宁愿;更愿意(表示现在或将来的不能实现的愿望)would rather that somebody had done宁愿;更愿意(表示过去的不能实现的愿望)例句1.Id rather you posted the letter right now. 我想让你现在去寄信。2.Id rather you were not a celebrated actor. In that case, we could spend more time together.我到情愿你不是个知名演员，这样我们可以有更多的时间在一起。3.Id rather that I hadnt seen her yesterday.我情愿昨天没有看到她。句型2as if/though+主语+did/had done好像(表示与现在或将来的情况相反用过去时;表示与过去的情况相反用过去完成时)例句1.Our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children, so all the students in our class think highly of her.我们校长对待我们就像我们是她自己的孩子一样，所以我们班所有学生都很尊重她。2.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.Alan谈起罗马来就好像他去过那里似的。句型3wish +宾语从句，表示不大 可能实现的愿望表示现在的不能实现的愿望：主语+过去时;表示过去的不能实现的愿望：主语+had done;表示将来的不能实现的愿望：主语+would/could do例句1.How I wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves! 我们学生多么希望有更多的自由时间放松自己!2.I failed in the maths exam. How I wish I hadnt wasted so much time playing!我考试没有及格。我多么希望我没有浪费这么多的时间用来玩儿！3.What a pity you cant go to the party. How I wish I could dance with you at the party!真遗憾你不能去这个聚会。我多么希望我可以和你在聚会上跳舞啊！句型4Its high/about time that somebody did (should do) (should通常不省略) 早就该例句1.Its time that you went to school.= Its time that you should go to school.你该去上学了。2.Its high time that we did something to improve our environment. 该是我们为环保做些事情的时候了。3.I think its high time that she made up her mind. 我想她该拿定主意了。句型5情态动词+动词不定式完成结构的用法could have done 本来可以做某事实际却没做”或“可能已经做了某事”might have done 或许已经做了某事“should/ought to have done 本来该做某事而实际未做”should not/ought not to have done 本来不该做实际却做过了，含有责备语气“neednt have done 本来不必做但是已经做过了would rather have done 当时宁愿做了某事实际没有做过悔之意。句型6as, though, although引导的让步状语从句。注意although位于句首;though位于句首或句中;as位于句中=though。它的词序是把句中强调的形容词、副词、动词或名词放在连词前。例句1. Although/Though Im young, I already know what career I want to follow.Young as/though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.我虽然年轻，但我已经明白我应该追随什么样的事业。2. Although/Though I respect him very much, I cannot agree with his idea.Much as/though I respect him, I cannot agree with his idea. 虽然我很尊重他，但是我不同意他的观点。3. Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.Child(省略冠词)as/though he is, he knows a lot of Chinese characters. 他虽然还是个孩子，却认识了许多汉字。4. Although he tried, he couldnt solve the problem.Try as he might, he couldnt solve the problem. 尽管他努力了，但是他没有解决问题。5. Although it is raining, Im going out for a walk.Raining as it is, Im going out for a walk. 天虽然在下雨，我还是要出去散步。6. Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident. 这次意外虽然显得不可思议，却没有人受伤。7. Much as I would like to help, I have a lot to do. 虽然我很想帮助你，但是我有很多事要做。8. Object as you may, I will go. 纵使你反对，我也要去。句型7before特殊用法(1)没来得及就例句1.The roof had fallen before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.他还没有来得及冲进房间救孩子，房顶就塌了。2.He had run off before I could stop him. 我还没有来得及阻止，他已经跑了。3.To my great disappointment, my favorite singer had left the concert before I could have a word with her.让我非常失望的是，我还没有来得及和我最喜欢的歌手打招呼，她就已经离开了。句型8before特殊用法(2)过了多久才或动作进行到什么程度才例句1.They had walked about fifty miles to the west before they saw a village.他们西行50英里才看到一个村庄。2.The workers had worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.工人们连续工作3天才使一切恢复正常。3.He almost had knocked me down before he knew it.他几乎撞到我了才意识到。4.We had walked a long way before we found some water.我们走了很长的路才找到一点水。5.Five years went by before I knew it. 不知不觉，五年过去了。句型9It was + 时间段+before.过了多久才It was not long before.不久，就It will (not) be +时间段+before.要过多久(不久)才(before从句谓语动词要用一般时态)例句1.It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意识到他处境的危险。2.It was five days before he came back. 五天后他才回来。3.It will be half a year before you graduate from the school. 再过半年你才能毕业。4.It will not be long before they understand each other. 他们大概不久就会互相了解。句型10in case of(+n.) 以防;假使;in case that以防，假使(谓语动词用一般现在时态或should+动词原形)例句1.In case of fire, what should we do?假使发生火灾，我们要做些什么呢？2.Please remind me about it in case I forget/should forget. 请提醒我，以防我忘记。3.In case (that) John comes/should come, please tell him to wait.假使约翰来了，请让他等一会儿。4.Please take your umbrella in case (that it rains/should rain).带上雨伞，以防下雨。句型11强调句型基本构成：It is/was +被强调的部分+ who(强调部分指人时)/that（强调部分可以是人也可以是事物）+原句剩余部分例句1I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.(强调主语)It was in the street that I saw him yesterday afternoon.(强调地点状语)It was yesterday afternoon that I saw him in the street.(强调时间状语)It was him that/who I saw in the street yesterday afternoon.(强调宾语)例句2He didnt go to bed until his mother came back.It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.句型12(1)、祈使句(表条件)+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句(2)、祈使句(表条件)+ and +主句(表结果)例句1Hurry up, or youll be late for class.快点儿，否则你上课要迟到了。例句2Work hard and you will make progress every day.好好学习，天天向上。句型13until.直到时候notuntil直到才例句1You are to stay until your mother comes back.你得等到你妈妈回来。The meeting was put off until ten oclock.会议推迟到十点钟。例句2The villagers didnt realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.等到湖里的鱼全死光了，村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。句型14unless除非，如果不(=ifnot)例句I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨，我明天去。I wont attend his birthday party unless invited (=unless I am invited).除非被邀请，否则我不去参加的生日晚会。句型15(1)、主语+ was/were doingwhen正在做某事这时(2)、主语+ was/were about to dowhen=主语+was/were on the point of (doing)when正要去做某事这时(3)、主语+ had donewhen刚刚做完某事这时.例句1I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy cry for help.我正在河边行走，这时我突然听到一个落水男孩求救。例句2I was about to leave when it began to rain.我刚要离开，这时下雨了。例句3I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang, announcing the class was over.我刚做完试卷下课就铃响了。句型16while：当/在时候，尽管、虽然，然而;可是例句1While I admit that the problem is difficult, I dont think that they cant be solved.尽管我承认这个问题很难，但是我并不认为无法解决。例句2I earn only 120 dollars a week, while she earns 180 dollars.我一星期只赚120美元，她却赚180美元。句型17where:可以引导地点状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句。例句1Where there is a will, there is a way. （地点状语从句）有志者，事竟成。例句2That is the buildingwhere my father works. （定语从句）那是我父亲工作的大楼。例句3We could see the runners very well fromwhere we stood.（宾语从句）从我们所站的地方能很清楚地看到赛跑的选手。句型18what：引导名词性从句，在句子里可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。例句1What is most important in lifeisnt money. （主语从句）人生最重要的并非是金钱。例句2Will you show mewhat you bought? （宾语从句）可以把你所买的东西给我看一下吗?例句3Mary is no longerwhat she was ten years ago. （表语从句）Mary已经不是10年前的她了。句型19as引导的非限制性定语从句注意1as通常只指整个句子的内容，不表示部分内容。注意2as引导的非限制性定语从句通常指事先可以预料到的，料想到的，表达好的方面。例句This is also part of your work, as I told you before. 我曾告诉过你，这也是你工作的一部分。The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking. 从那人说话的样子可明显看出，他是个老师。句型20which引导的非限制性定语从句which引导的非限制性定语从句既可以指整个句子内容，也可以指句子的部分内容(如单词或词组等)。例句Yellowstone National Park, which is in Wyoming, is one of the most beautiful national parks in the world.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州，是世界上最美丽的国家公园之一。She changed her mind again, which made us all angry. 她又改变了主意，这使我们大家都生气了。句型21疑问词+ever （whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever,whenever, wherever,however)：既可以引导名词性从句，也可以引导让步状语从句。例句We will dowhatever we can to help him out. （宾语从句）我们要尽力帮助他摆脱困境。Whatever (=No matter what) may happen, we shall not lose hope.（让步状语从句）无论发生什么事，我们都不能失去希望。注意：“No matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。句型22完全倒装句型(1)here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副词放在句首，句子需要全部倒装例句There goes the bell! = The bell is ringing. 铃响了!Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming. 汽车来了。Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.我们期盼的时候到了。句型23完全倒装句型(2)表示方位的介词短语放在句首，句子完全倒装，此时谓语动词多为be, lie, stand, sit, come, walk, run, stop etc. 不及物动词。例句On a hill in front of them stands a great castle.在他们面前的山上矗立着一座巨大的城堡。In front of the house stopped a police car.房子的全面停着一辆警车。Under the tree sat a boy of about ten.在树下坐着一个大约10岁的男孩。句型24部分倒装句型(1)否定意义的副词或短语放在句首，句子半倒装。主要有：little, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, never, not at all, by no means(决不), at no time(在任何时候都不)，nowhere, in no case (无论如何都不);not in the least (=not at all) , on no condition(决不) 等。例句Never shall I forget you.我绝不会忘记你。At no time was the man aware of what was happening.那个人根本没有注意到发生的情况。Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.我那时几乎没有明白他给我说的话。Not a single mistake did he make in the exam.他在考试中没有犯一个错误。句型25部分倒装句型(2)only + 状语（副词/介词短语/状语从句）例句1Only then did I realize the importance of English.那个时候我才意识到英语的重要性。例句2Only in this way can you speak English well.只有用这种方式你才能说好英语。例句3Only when I got to know him, did I know I had been wrong before.只有当我开始了解他的时候，我才知道我之前一直都错了。句型26部分倒装not only, but also(前一分句倒装，后一分句不倒装)例句Not only should we students study hard, we also should know how to enjoy ourselves in our spare time.我们学生不仅要学习好，还应该知道在课余时间怎样享受生活。句型27部分倒装neither. nor. 既不.也不.例句Neither was the price satisfactory, nor did the color agree with me.价格不能令人满意，颜色也不太适合我。句型28部分倒装only + 状语放在句首，句子半倒装例句Only when the war was ove