16被动语态.doc

第十六讲 被动语态 语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语（动作的发出者或动作的承受者）和谓语之间的关系。语态分两种形式：主动语态和被动语态。上文已就主动语态的各种时态进行了分析和练习，现在我们把重点放在被动语态上。 1. 构成：主语 + be动词 + 动词过去分词 （+ by + 动作执行者）。应用到各时态和句型里的形式如下（用于不同时态的用法和注意事项请参照语法结构中的相关内容）： 1) 一般现在时：am/ is/ are done 例：1997年6月四级考试第50题 Once environmental damage _, it takes many years for the system to recover. A) has done B) is to do C) does D) is done 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。所以本题答案是D) is done。其它选项都是主动语态，都是错误的。 2) 现在进行时：am/ is/ are being done 例：1996年1月四级第21题 The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now. A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed 题中develop 和perfect是并列关系，动词perfect只能做及物动词用，因此在本句中应为被动语态，作谓语的动词develop也应是被动语态。此外，句中时间状语now表示谓语应是现在正在进行的动作。由此可见，答案是C) are being developed。全句意思：“具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中”。 3) 现在完成时：have/ has been done 例：1997年1月四级第40题 Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging 本题主要考核谓语动词的时态和语态，全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。选项A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。选项B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合。 4) 现在完成进行时：have/ has been being done Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. （你去哪儿了？我们一直在找你。） 5) 一般将来时：will be done 例：I assure you that the matter _ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to 答案是B. will be attended to。关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。 6) 将来进行时：will be being done 例：This piece of music will be being played atthe same time tomorrow, and you cant even get it right!（明天的这个时候就在演奏这首曲子了，而你居然还弹不对！）7) 将来完成时：will have been done 例：I hope that everything I have told you _ by the next lessen. A. have been forgotten B. will have been forgotten C. wont have been forgotten D. havent been forgotten 答案是C. wont have been forgotten。因为表示“到为止”的by后面接一个将来时间 the next lessen，要求用将来完成时；I have told you是everything的定语从句，也就是“everything被忘记”，而不是“you忘记什么事情”，所以应该用被动语态。最后，根据全句的意思：“我希望到下节课时，你们不会已经忘了我给你们讲授的所有知识。”，本句应该用否定句。 8) 将来完成进行时：will have been being done 例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。） 9) 一般过去时：was/ were done 例：The window panes were broken.（窗玻璃都被打破了。） 10) 过去进行时：was/ were being done 例：While you were in London that year, the London Bridge _. A. was being repaired B. had been being repaired C. would be repaired D. was repaired 答案是A. was being repaired。因为时间状语从句表示的是一个具体的过去时间，所以用过去进行时的被动语态。 11) 过去完成时：had been done 例：I was shocked to hear that your house _ into. A. was broken B. broke C. had been broken D had been broken 答案是D had been broken。首先break这个动作发生在was shocked之前，即过去的过去。应该用过去完成时的被动语态。 12) 过去完成进行时：had been being done 例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。） 13) 过去将来时：would be done 例：The government promised that a new solution would be worked out within a week.（政府承诺说一周之内就会提 出新的解决方案。） 14) 过去将来进行时：would be being done 例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。） 15) 过去将来完成时：would have been done 例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。） 16) 过去将来完成进行时：would have been being done 例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。） 17) 含有情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词 例：1997年6月第49题 As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _. A) ought to be said B) must say C) have to be said D) need to say 本题主要考核句子结构。全句的意思是：“作为老师，我们关心的应该是学生说了什么，而不是我们自认为学生应该说什么。”what we think和what is said一样，都是介词with后面的由what引导的名词性从句。在前一个从句中，what是主语，is said是动词的被动语态做谓语；在后面从句中，what也是主语，谓语同样也要用被动语态（注意we think是插入成分，不是谓语，去掉we think的话不影响原句的正确性），这样，with后面的这两个宾语才能前后呼应。另外，根据句子前后的逻辑意思，我们应该选择答案A) ought to be said。虽然选项C) have to be said也是被动语态，但当what做主语时，谓语动词要用单数has，而不是have。而且，have to be said（不得不说）的意思和全句不合，不可能是本题的答案。B) mustsay 和D) need to say这两个选项的动词都是主动语态，因此，都不是本题的答案。 18) 不定式的被动语态：to be done 例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。） 2. 用法： 1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的情况下： 例：1989年1月四级第58题 A dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into dozens of languages in the last decade. A) to have been translated B) to be translated C) to translate D) to have translated 全句的意思是：“据说红楼梦在过去10年中已经被翻译成数十种语言”。动词不定式to translate这一动作发生在谓语动作之前，而且该动作的客体是本句的主语，所以应当用完成时的被动式。答案是A。 2) 句子的强调重点是动作的承受者而非动作的发出者时： 例：Your work will be examined by a group of experts soon.（你的工作即将受到一组专家的检查。） 3) 句子结构上的需要： 例：1995年1月四级第55题 It is not unusual for workers in that region _. A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a month it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”。 3. 注意事项： 1) 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。 例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Mari