非谓语动词讲义.doc

(二)、不定式的句法功能 主语宾语 表语 定语 状语1. 作主语侧重于动作的具体性和将来性To play basketball is a great pleasure.但为使句子平衡,常用it 代它作主语, 把它移到句子后部去.It is a great pleasure to play basketball. 幻灯片52. 作宾语l A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:l （）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, dislike ,hate, plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother .幻灯片6l B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:l tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explainl tell sb what to do幻灯片73. 作表语l A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。l He is to marry Rose.l B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。l Her wish was to become an artist.l C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。l The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.l She is to blame.幻灯片84.不定式作定语l A.一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后。l Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主谓关系)l She has a good chance to go to college. (同位关系)l He has got lots of questions to ask. (动宾关系)幻灯片9l 注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词, 它后面应有必要的介词。l There is nothing to worry about.l 2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时, 它后面要带上必要的介词。l I need a pen to write with.l He is looking for a room to live in.幻灯片105.不定式作宾语补足语l 跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词l A. let, have, make, get等表使役的动词l They made us go with them.l 注意:l Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to dol They got us to go with them.l B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的动词l The chairman requested the members to be silent.幻灯片11l C. allow, permit, forbid等表许可或禁止的动词l The guard forbade me to enter.l D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法)l Many parents expect their children to study abroad.l E. see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel等表感官的动词l I noticed tears come into his eyes.l We often hear her sing the song at home.l 注: 感官动词后的不定式均不带to 幻灯片12l F. 其他动词l advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, force, remind l Please remind me to take the raincoat.幻灯片136. 不定式作状语1)不定式作目的状语Tim sat near the fire to get warm.The athletes practised hard to win the match.强调作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。幻灯片14l 2).不定式作结果状语l 作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too to, enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。l Would you be so kind as to step this way, please?l I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.幻灯片15Practice高考点击1 (09江苏,26）Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _ reduce unemployment pressures. A. help B. helped C. to help D. having helpedC幻灯片162 (09全国)The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. A. looked atB. to look at C. to looking atD. look atB3 (09山东，22) We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holdingA幻灯片17B4 (09辽宁，27) _, you need to give all you have and try your best. A. Being a winner B. To be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner5. (09安徽，28) The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. A. produced B. being produced C.tobeproduced D.havingbeen producedC幻灯片18二、动名词l (一).动名词的语法形式l 动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.幻灯片19(二)、动名词的句法功能l 具有名词的特征,可充当成分:l 主语宾语 表语 定语幻灯片201. 动名词作主语l Seeing is believing.l Playing chess is fun.l Its no use waiting here.l 动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:幻灯片21l 1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：l It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.l It is no use talking too much. 幻灯片22l 2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如：l It is nice playing chess after supper.l 3） 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如：l There is no denying that she is very efficient.幻灯片232. 动名词作表语 l 动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。l The nurses job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurses job. l Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing.l = listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .l 注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。幻灯片243. 动名词作定语 l 动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.。表示名词用途。l a racing car= a car that is used to racel a swimming pool= a pool that is used to swim in l 单个的动名词作定语,放在被修饰的词前;动名词短语作定语,放在被修饰的词语后;l Do you know the sleeping car on show ?l The boy sitting under the tree is reading.幻灯片254. 动名词作宾语 l 1）动名词作动词宾语l 下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。l I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort.l I recommend buying the dictionary.l Will you admit having broken the window?l 幻灯片26l 有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, cant stand , cant help .幻灯片27l 2）动名词作介词宾语l 注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式 。l Are you good at playing football?l 其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语。l look forward to ,devoteto, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on ones way to这些短语中的to都是介词。I am used to watching TV in the evening. 幻灯片28高考点击Practice1. The man insisted_ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding2. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having幻灯片29l 3. I really cant understand _ her like that. l you treat B. you to treat l C. why treat D. you treatingl 4. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. l to lose B. losing l C. to be lost D. being lost幻灯片30三、分词l 现在分词与过去分词.l 充当成分:l 宾语补足语,表语, 定语, 状语.幻灯片31（一）现在分词幻灯片32(1).现在分词l 现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.幻灯片33(2)、现在分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语幻灯片341. 现在分词作表语l 现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为”使(令) 怎样。” 如:l The news is very disappointing.l His story is very moving.l (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting.)幻灯片352. 现在分词作定语现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。 A.表示动作正在进行 Dont wake up the sleeping boy.= Dont wake up the boy who is sleepingI don t know the man writing something over there.=I don t know the man who is writing something over there.幻灯片363.现在分词作宾语补足语l 用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；l A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 表示正在进行的意义l We found them reading in the classroom.幻灯片37l B. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch表示”使进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态的持续性.l Can you keep the clock going? 4. 现在分词作状语现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等状语。幻灯片38l 1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念l A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句l Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. l = As soon as he heard the good news, he l = On hearing the good news, he 幻灯片39l B.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。l Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.l = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.l = When/While walking in the street, I came across 幻灯片40 C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如:Having done his homework, the boy went out to play.Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework.l 2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导的原因状语从句。 幻灯片41A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生Being ill, he didnt go to school.=Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice.= Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to 幻灯片42B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night.l 3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句l (If) Using your head, you will find a way.l =If you use your head, you will find l 幻灯片43l 4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句l Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting.l = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting.幻灯片44l 5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。l They sat there on the stone, talking with each other.l =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other.l 注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后。幻灯片45l 6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。l The mother died, leaving five children behind.l They fired at the enemy, killing two. 现在分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的 主语可能是分词动作的执行者, 句子的 主语也可能是分词动作的承受者。幻灯片46但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中, 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有:1)generally/strickly/+speaking2)Judging from/talking of/allowing for.3) Considering that /seeing that /supposing that幻灯片47l 注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。l 时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。l 语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。l 人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的l 主语。幻灯片48 高考点击Practice1. _ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completedC. Not completing D. Not having completed （原因状语）幻灯片492The manager, _ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. （时间或伴随状语）Awho has made Bhaving made Cmade Dmaking3The storm left , _a lot of damage to this area . （结果状语）Acaused Bto have caused Cto cause Dhaving caused幻灯片504_from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因状语）ABeing separatedBHaving separated CHaving been separatedDTo be separated幻灯片51（二）过去分词幻灯片52(1).过去分词的语法形式l 过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。(done)(2)、过去分词的句法功能l 具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分:l 表语 定语,宾语补足语, 状语幻灯片531.过去分词作表语l 过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如，l He is gone.l The glass is broken.l He was lost in thought.l They were deeply moved.幻灯片54l 注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别l 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。l 这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。l The cup was broken by my little brother.l (被动结构)l The cup is broken.(系表结构)幻灯片552.过去分词作定语l 过去分词作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点 :l A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。 l The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building that was built last year can 幻灯片56l B.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。l fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen l a retired worker=a worker who has retiredl the risen sun=the sun that has risen l 幻灯片57l C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。l The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this.l = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise)幻灯片58l The fathers loud voice made a frightened look appear on his daughters face.l (The fathers daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.)幻灯片593. 过去分词作宾补l 过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来l 作感官动词,如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feell 和使役动词如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch的宾补幻灯片60l When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police.l As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into.l He kept himself covered with a blanket.幻灯片614. 过去分词作状语l 过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。l 过去分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语, 而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.幻灯片62l 1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。l Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful.l =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town l = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town 幻灯片63l 2) 作原因状语l Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.l =As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children.l 3)作让步状语l Seriously wounded, he still kept on fighting.l =Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept. 幻灯片64l 4)作方式或伴随情况状语l She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.l =She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.l He sat there, lost in thought.l = He sat there, and was lost in thought.l _ more attention, the tree could have grown better. （条件状语）l A. Given B. To give l C. Giving D. Having given.l 2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定语） l A. having written B. to be written l C. being written D. writtenPractice 高考点击 幻灯片66l 3. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因）l A. Losing B. Having lostl C. Lost D. To losel l 4. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be l done to change it.（条件）