美国历史与文化 名词解释和问答题 复习材料.doc

美国历史与文化 名词解释和问答题 复习材料:14章 名词解释1 . (本题10分)名词解释：“powwow”In the United States, Indians are taken legal steps to recover land and resources that were illegally taken away from them in the past. They are also making great efforts to keep and develop their cultures. One example is the reappearance of the powwow, a community celebration including crafts, food, dance, song and the playing of drums.2 . (本题10分)名词解释：baby boomIt refers to a social phenomenon in the USA. occurred between 1946 and 1966. Nearly 80 million Americans were born in this period. The group born in the earlier period of “baby boom” came to college age in the 1960s, so there was swell of college students. They later became the major force of the students movement in the 1960s回答问题8 . (本题15分)What was the fate of the Indians in the course of the development of the USA? What are the American Indians doing the protest their culture?No reliable figures exist on the size of the American Indian population in 1492. But the number were greatly reduced by diseases, warfare, and famine following the westward movement of early colonists and pioneers. The white people took away the land from the Indians and almost wiped out the buffalo on which many Indian tribes depended for their existence. After the civil war, government reservations, land especially set aside for the Indians, were set up. The social and economic conditions of the Indians are often poor. Indians are making great efforts to keep and develop their cultures. One example is the reappearance of the “powpow”, a community celebration including crafts, food, dance, song and the playing of drums. 15章名词解释1 . (本题10分)名词解释：The Bill of RightsIn the process of ratification of the Constitution, some states had ratified it with the understanding that a Bill of Rights should soon be added into the Constitution. So when the first Congress convened, James Madison introduced a series of amendments including many of the suggestions of the states. Ten of these proposed amendments were ratified by states in 1791 and came to be known as the Bill of Rights. The bill of Rights gave more stress to guarantee the rights of the individual such as the freedom of speech, of assembly, of religion and the ss as well as the right to petition and to bear arms.2 . (本题10分)名词解释：Manifest DestinyThe implication of Manifest Destiny are threefold: (1)the inevitability of the founding of the United States of America; (2) the legitimacy of the expansion of American Territory; (3) the sad of American democracy being the task of American people who were chosen to do the Lords work.8 . (本题15分)Why did the Civil War break out ? How did the war end?In the early 1800s, the Northern states, especially those in New Enland, turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared from the North. But conditions were different in the South. Farming remain the most important way of making a living. With the territory expansion toward the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to sad into the areas arode again. Back in the 1830s a determined group of antislavery reformers launched a new and more militant movement. When Abraham Lincoln was elected sident, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. However, Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union, so war broke out on April 12, 1861.Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation. After a series of battles, Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865. The war was over.2 Boston Tea Party答：In1773， the British East Indian Company， a corporation partly owned by the British government was in serious financial difficulties. In order to help the company out of difficulties， British Parliament pass the Tea Act of 1733， to allow the company to sell tea at a lower price in the colonies through its own agents， this took away the tea business from American tea merchants. The people in the colonies opposed the unfair treatment and all these Acts. On the night of December 16， several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships and threw $75，000 worth of East India Companys tea into the Boston harbor. This episode came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”。16章名词解释1 . (本题10分)名词解释： The Paris Conference6. The Peace Conference, the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. It was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four(the United States, Britain, France and Italy).2 . (本题10分)名词解释：the Axis Powers7. the Axis Powers were Germany, Italy and Japan. American wartime objectives were the total destruction of the Axis Powers and the establishment of a world order after unconditional victory in accordance with American ideals and interests. 2. New Deal答：The program put forward by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 to deal with the Great Depression. Roosevelt made Congress pass a large number of New Deal acts and helped to set up many efficient social economical and financial systems. The New Deal did help overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system up to that time.回答问题8 . (本题15分)Elaborate the effects of the Great Depression on American society.8. In 1929, a deep worldwide economic crisis broke out and it actually began with the collapse of the stock market in the United States. During the year following the stock market crash, 4 million workers lost their jobs and through the Dession period more than 13 million people were unemployed. Thousands of banks failed, and depositors and investors saw their savings in those banks leaving nothing. Many factories and mines closed down and the value of industrial output dropped from about $70 billion to $ 31 billion. Agriculture continuously faced disaster in the decade. The gross national product shrank from $87 billion in 1929 to $41 billion in 1933. Begging for nickels and dimes became a common occupation on the street of cities. Rural Americans were no better off than their city compatriots. Millions of homeless people slept in parks, subways or abandoned buildings. 17章名词解释1 . (本题10分)名词解释：the Truman DoctrineIn 1947, the Truman Administration decided to provide aid to Greece and turkey against their falling into the hands of Soviet Union. In the his speech to the congress Truman said” it must be the policy of USA. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside ssures” That is to say, the U.S government would support any country which said it was fighting against communism. This is the Truman Doctrine.2 . (本题10分)名词解释：.Watergate Scandal On June17,1972, police at the Watergate apartment-office arrested five men who illegally broke into the offices of Democratic National Committee. These five men proved to be working for Richard Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President. Later in 1973, one of Nixons aids, disclosed that Nixon had a taping system installed in the White House, and that conversations about Watergate had been recorded. Nixon had to surrender the tapes at last. On August,1973, He resigned, the first sident to do so in the U.S. history. After Watergate, Americans disillusion grew. 回答问题8 . (本题15分)What impact did the Vietnam War have on American society?8. 1. The United States was weakened as a result of the long war.2. American society had never been so divided since the Civil War.3. There was serious disagreement within the ruling circle.4. The Image of the United States, especially the image of the American armed forces, was discredited.第18章1 . (本题10分)名词解释：the Wheat Belt6. The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest. Two main types of wheat are grownspring wheat and winter wheat. The Spring Wheat Belt covers western Minnesota, almost all of North Dakota, northern south Dakota, and Northern Montana. The Winter Wheat Belt, found farther south where the winters are milder. 2 . (本题10分)名词解释：new monetarist polices7. In the 1980s, Reagan government performed new monetarist policies in order to fight against inflation. Such policies sought to fight inflation mainly by increasing supply an reducing deamd. That is on the one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism, and on the other hand interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money. 8 . How important are the Middle Atlantic states to the economy of the United States?8. The Middle Atlantic States are highly industrialized. Chemicals, machinery, electronic equipment, textiles, and metal goods of all kinds are only a few of the products manufactured in the six states. They have benefited from their location at or near the Atlantic Ocean. They were able to employ many of the skilled workers who went there from Europe during the last century. As transportation and shipping facilities improved, the Middle Atlantic States found it easy to obtain raw materials from almost every part of the country and the world. In addition to these advantages, the need for a cheap and convenient source of power was met by the coal and petroleum deposits in the Appalachian Highlands.18章 三、简答2、The factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy ？First， the geographical location of the United States provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong. Second， the United States has been blessed by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil ， together with a moderate climate. Third， America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for a constantly expanding economy. Fourth， factor is the quality of available labour .第19章名词解释1 . (本题10分)名词解释：the Senate6. Article I of American Constitution all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Resentatives. The Senate, the smaller of the two, is composed of two members from each state as provided by the Constitution. Senators are chosen in state-wide elections held in even-numbered years. The senatorial term is six years, and every two years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election. 2 . (本题10分)名词解释：the “Winner-Take-All” system7. The sidential candidate with the highest number of votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of that state. This is known as the “Winner-Take-All” system. 回答问题8 . (本题15分)Tell the history of the two-party system in the U.S.8. The two major parties are really not very different today. But there is some difference between them. On economic issues, the Democrats traditionally favor government intervention while the Republics stress the role of the market more. On social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republics oppose large governmental social security programs. In spite of these differenced the two parties both believe in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production.19章3. What are the fuctions of the Congress？3.the most central function of the congress is the passage of law. legislation can be introduced in either chamber but revenue bills must first come from the house of representatives. The senate has the function of confirming presidential appointments and ratification of treaties. The congress also has non-legislative functions. one is the function of investigation in the form of congressional hearings. this is a tool available to members of the congress to inform the citizens and arouse public interests in national issues. the other is to compel unwilling witnesses to testify ，he will be charged with contempt of congress； if he gives false testimony， he will be charged with perjury.第20章名词解释1 . (本题10分)名词解释：“America 2000: An Education Strategy ”6. On April 18,1991, sident Bush issued his plan ”America 2000: An Education Strategy”. It set six goals, which had been agreed upon at a 1990 meeting between Bush and the nations governors, and put forward a series of proposals to help carry out some of these goals. The six goals are:1)ensuring that all -schoolers entered school ready to learn. 2)improve the schools high school graduation rate to at least 90percent; 3)requiring students to demonstrate to competency in English, mathematics, science, history and geography; 4)making American students first in the world in maths and science achievement; 5) eliminating drugs and violence from school;6)ensuring that all adult American literate.2 . (本题10分)名词解释：MIT7.Its Massachusetts Institution of Technology回答问题8 . (本题15分)Why was education reform stressed again in the 1980s and early 1990s and what are some of the problems associated with American education today?8. In the 1980s, the problem in education again grew the attention of many people. In 1983, a report en习题详解d “A. Nation At Risk” was issued which cited high rates of adult illiteracy, declining SAT scores and low scores on international comparison of knowledge by American students as examples of the decline of educational standards. Violence is still a serious problem in American schools and the number of students who take drugs doing up.By the MID-1980S, a wave of educational reform swept the country. These reforms had two focuses: the first was the raising of the standards of teaching and learning. The second was the restructuring of the schools. In 1991, President Bush issued his plan ”American 2000: An Education Strategy”. Some improvement has been made in American Schools.第21章名词解释1 . (本题10分)名词解释：Mark Twain6. Mark Twain is one of the most important writers in American history. His real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens(1835-1910). He was born and grew up in a small town of Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. In 1865, he became nationally famous with his short story ”The Celebrated Jumping Frog”. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was an immediate success as a boy book. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn became his masterpiece. His other famous books are A. Tramp Abroad, Life on the Mississippi, the Gilded Age and Innocents Abroad. 2 . (本题10分)名词解释：Jazz7. Jazz resents a blending of African musical tradition carried over by black slaves and European classics. It uses some European ideas of harmony and Melody, but the rhythms are more African in origin. Jazz has polly rhythmic structure and this is where the musical appeal lies. Jazz began in the early 20th century as a music of Black American. It was intended for Singing, for dancing and fro entertainment and atmosphere in parties or social gatherings. The term came into common use after the first records of jazz were made in 1917. 回答问题8 . (本题15分)What is the story of “Rip Van Winkle” about?8. Rip Van Winkle is a simple, good-natured man, terribly henpecked and dislikes labor. One day he climbs up to the top of a hill and is resting when he sees a man coming towards him carrying a large barrel of wine. He helps the man carry the barrel to a plot where a number of people are playing a game. The man asks Rip Van Winkle to distribute the wine among the people. Rip Van Winkle also has a few drinks. Then he fal