国家形象 复习资料.doc

Dissemination of Chinese Culture to the World Science, Nature, National Geographic , FT , TIME , WSJ, WP and The Economist China Daily, CGTN, NPR, CNN, FOX News, BBC, VOA, CBSAP, Reuters, Pulitzer Prize The Huffington Post Britain Brexit soft power 中华文化向世界传播科学，自然，国家地理，FT，TIME，WSJ，WP和The Economist中国日报，CGTN，NPR，CNN，福克斯新闻，BBC，VOA，CBS美联社，路透社，普利策奖赫芬顿邮报英国Brexit软实力判断TigrisEuphrates，Code of Hammurabi，hieroglyph，Macedonian，Darius，Ptolemaic dynasty，Cleopatra VII Philopator，Octavian，Athena，底格里斯 - 幼发拉底河，汉穆拉比法典，象形文字，马其顿，大流士，托勒密王朝，克娄巴特拉七世哲学家，屋大维，雅典娜，配对Georg Simmel -The Stranger (1908) Robert Ezra Park - Marginal man Robert K. Merton - CosmopolitanWilliam Graham Sumner- ethnocentrismCharles Horton Cooley - looking glass selfBronisaw Malinowski - detailedparticipant observationDell Hathaway Hymes - ethnography of communicationRaymond Henry Williams - two transitions in western notion of cultureHorace Meyer Kallen- cultural pluralism Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer - Instrumental rationality, repression of imagination and creativity, alienation Edward Wadie Said - OrientalismGayatri Chakravorty Spivak - Thinking Academic Freedom in Gendered Post-ColonialityJacques Derrida - Must not structure have a genesis？SapirWhorf hypothesis - linguistic determinismSigmund Freud - Id, ego and super-egoMichel Foucault - powerandknowledgeEdward Twitchell Hall, Jr. High vs. Low Context Culture Gerard Hendrik (Geert) Hofstede - cultural dimensions Stuart McPhail Hall one of the founding figures of British Cultural Studies or The Birmingham School of Cultural Studies, a Jamaican-born cultural theorist, political activist and Marxist sociologistGeorg Simmel - 陌生人（1908）罗伯特Ezra公园 - 边缘人罗伯特K.默顿 - 大都会威廉格雷厄姆萨姆纳 - 民族中心主义查尔斯霍顿库利 - 寻找玻璃自我BronisawMalinowski - 详细的参与者观察戴尔哈撒韦Hymes - 通信民族志雷蒙德亨利威廉姆斯 - 西方文化观念的两次转折贺拉斯迈耶卡伦 - 文化多元主义Theodor W. Adorno，Max Horkheimer - 工具理性，压抑想象力和创造力，异化爱德华Wadie说 - 东方主义Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak - 在性别后殖民性中思考学术自由雅克德里达 - 不应该有结构吗？萨皮尔 - 沃尔夫假说 - 语言决定论西格蒙德弗洛伊德 - 身份，自我和超自我米歇尔福柯 - 权力和知识Edward Twitchell Hall，Jr. - 高低语境文化杰拉德亨德里克（吉尔特）霍夫斯泰德 - 文化维度Stuart McPhail Hall - 英国文化研究或伯明翰文化研究学院的创始人之一，牙买加出生的文化理论家，政治活动家和马克思主义社会学家Ruth Benedict - Chrysanthemum and the SwordLederer & Burdick - The Ugly AmericanEdward Twitchell Hall, Jr. - The Silent LanguageStella Ting-Toomey - face negotiation theory Gerry Philipsen - Theory of Speech Codes Howard Giles - Theory of Communication Accommodation Young Yun Kim - Integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation露丝本尼迪克特 - 菊花和剑LedererBurdick - 丑恶的美国人Edward Twitchell Hall，Jr. - 沉默的语言Stella Ting-Toomey - 面对谈判理论格里菲利普森 - 语言代码理论霍华德吉尔斯 - 传播住宿理论Young Yun Kim - 交流和跨文化适应的综合理论填空Integration assimilation separation marginalizationMulticulturalism melting pot segregation exclusion整合 同化 分离 边缘化多元文化主义 熔炉 隔离 排斥名词解释Melting pot vs. Salad bowl Raimon Panikkar identified 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about, including growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Pompeii，the ancient city in western Italy, southeast of Naples. The city was buried by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in ad 79; excavations of the site began in 1748 and revealed well-preserved remains of buildings, mosaics, furniture, and the personal possessions of the citys inhabitants. The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague or simply Plague, or less commonly as the Black Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. The plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. Atonement：In western Christian theology, atonement describes how human beings can be reconciled to God through Christs sacrificial suffering and death. Atonement refers to the forgiving or pardoning of sin in general and original sin in particular through the suffering, death and resurrection of Jesus.Chinese Rites ControversyThe dispute among Roman Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism and Chinese rituals during the 17th and 18th centuries. The debate centered over whether Chinese ritual practices of honoring family ancestors and other formal Confucian and Chinese imperial rites qualified as religious rites and were thus incompatible with Catholic belief.简答1、A civilization is any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification imposed by a cultural elite, symbolic systems of communication (for example, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.Metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals. 2、Homer is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems which are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The Odyssey focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the fall of Troy.Many accounts of Homers life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. 3、The role of Christianity in the Medieval period has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society. Throughout its long history, the Christian Church has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care; inspiration for art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in politics and religion. In various ways it has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. It has, over many centuries, promulgated the teachings of Jesus within the Western world as well as throughout other nations. 4、The Reformation, or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation, was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation （Anglicanism ） had begun under Henry VIII in the early 1530s. It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years War in 1648. 5、The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries. It is an extension of the Middle Ages, and is bridged by the Age of Enlightenment to modern history. It grew in fragments, with the very first traces found seemingly in Italy, coming to cover much of Europe, for some scholars marking the beginning of the modern age.The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said that Man is the measure of all things. This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature.6、 The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the beginning of the 15th century until the end of the 18th century) is an informal and loosely defined term for the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning of globalization. It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe of colonialism and mercantilism as national policies. Many lands previously unknown to Europeans were discovered by them during this period, though most were already inhabited. From the perspective of many non-Europeans, the Age of Discovery marked the arrival of invaders from previously unknown continents. 论述Intellectual reflection of eastern and western cultures by Liang Shuming (梁漱溟)Liang Shuming believes that culture is the way of life, and life is the endless desire and the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of desire. At the same time, the desire is produced with life. It is an instinct, an eternal and indivisible life impulse. Based on this, he divides western culture, Chinese culture, and Indian culture into three types: desire to move forward, desire to hold, and desire to back, according to different intentions. He opposes the theory of harmony b