书面表达语言剖析及针对性训练.doc

书面表达语言剖析及针对性训练高一英语 任 炜 书面表达是一种高层次的语言基本技能,要纯熟地驾驭这种技能，必须以扎实的语言基本功为基础。本文就书面表达的语言从句法和词法两方面加以剖析，并且有针对性地设计一些巩固练习，试图给在黑暗中摸索和徘徊不前的学生开启一扇窗户，为英语入门写作打下坚实稳固的基础，提高考试中的得分率。评判英语作文的两条标准：一是语言，二是结构。就中学生书面表达来说，100至120字之间的短文谈不上篇章的结构，因此，书面表达的评判标准可以改为：语言加信息要点。而语言，即句法和词法两方面的合理调配与艺术性的运用是决定书面表达优劣的关键。I句法层面：为了行文和表达上的需要，有时需要用简单句，有时需要用复合句；有时需用祈使句，有时又用感叹句；时而主动句，时而被动句；时而陈述句,时而倒装句；时而长句，时而又短句，使得表达更加流畅得体，行文优美，读来琅琅上口。句型单一是学生书面表达的一大弊病，为此，值得花一点时间点评分析一些范文，进行不同句型之间的转换，操练，造句，翻译，活用等一系列练习，背诵一些优秀的范文。(1)主动句与被动句的变换:eg. He has paid much attention to what he says since then. (主动句)Much attention has been paid to what he says since then. (被动句)将主动句变换为被动句后，不仅可以避免句式过于单一呆板的弊病, 而且在语义上更加凸现了 “Much attention”, 这样的调整在一定的语境及行文中非常必要，有时被动句甚至有主动句难以替代的效果。(2)陈述句与倒装句的变换：eg. He was enrolled in a prestigious university. He was so excited at this news that he jumped high with wild joy. (陈述句)He was enrolled in a prestigious university. So excited was he at this news that he jumped high with wild joy. (倒装句)这样一变换，避免文笔过于平淡，在第一句叙述后气势陡增,跌宕中给读者留下“闻说喜报，欣喜若狂，激动得一蹦三尺高”的深刻印象。语流犹如水流，有平缓，也有湍急；有恬静，也有激越，抑扬顿挫，方见丰姿。(3)陈述句与感叹句的交替：例如：李明在朋友刘东家度过了一周的假期之后，给刘东写了一封感谢信，内容包括：1.感谢刘东安排一周的愉快假期;2.感谢刘东带你游玩了许多地方;3.认为刘东的母亲是一位出色的厨师,美味可口的饭菜使你体重增加了10磅;4.再次感谢，希望保持联系，欢迎他有机会来你校玩。作者在用陈述句表达了第1、2两个要点以后，接着一个感叹句: “You mother is such a cook!”语势骤然增强，平地奇峰突起,写出刘母的烹饪手段给作者留下了极为深刻的印象。这一感叹句的出现使文意十分醒豁，以突兀的气势凸现出“刘母出色厨艺”这一信息，突然间将阅读的疲乏和惰怠一扫而净, 强烈地刺激着读者的阅读兴奋点，攫住读者的阅读视线。(4)简单句与复合句的交替：例如有一篇书面表达，要求学生就目前中学生追求时髦比较普遍的现象，以“My View on Following the Fashion”为题，写一篇短文阐述自己的观点。请看一篇优秀文章的第一部分：Nowadays more and more young people prefer to follow the fashion.(1) Whenever a fashion appears on the street，they will waste no time in following suit.(2) On this phenomenon, different people have different views. (3)It is held that one should follow the fashion so as not to be despised or considered eccentric.(4) But it is also held that one should have ones own judgement and shouldnt follow suit.(5)首句以简单句起始, 第1、2两句介绍 “赶时髦”这一现象，但1句是简单句，2句即十分适切地调整为复合句。3句承上两句的同时，启下提出两种普遍的“时髦观”，3句是简单句，4、5两句使用复合句，并且有意用同一个句型“It is held that-clause”, 只是在5句前加了一个转折连词But, 使两种截然相反的 “时髦观”对立互照。整段文字思路清晰，表达连贯得体; 而且由于简单句与复合句的交替使用，行文有张有弛, 自然优美。(5)句型的扩展：英语五种基本句型，不过是各类丰富复杂句子的主要骨架，需要添加许多“枝叶”才能使枯瘦光秃的句子丰满起来。单调呆板、只有骨架的句子终究难以掩盖语言功底上捉襟见肘的尴尬，只有“枝繁叶茂”的语句才能满足淋漓尽致地表达思想的要求。句型扩展主要添加并列和修饰成分上，修饰成分主要由定语和状语充当。例如，在一篇“I Love Spring”的文章中，作者结尾写道：1.“It assures us a promising season of summer and also the most important harvest season-autumn. I love spring.此句的可贵之处在于作者将 “a promising season”和“the most important harvest season”这两部分并列起来, 提炼出 “spring”的两大特征，为结语“I love spring” 作出引水入渠的铺垫。2.Hainan, as a famous “natural greenhouse”, also enjoys a lot of advantages in tropical agriculture.此句介词as引出一个并列成分, 简洁而地道地说明了Hainan的气候经济特征。3. Our English teacher, Mr. Wang, is a strongly-built thirty-year-old man, who is often simply dressed.此句的名词中心词作表语，其前有“strongly-built”和“thirty-year-old”两个复合形容词修饰，其后又接一个非限制定语从句。句子结构复杂紧凑, 信息密度大, 比一个个单句组合在一起，语言的质量和层次拔高了许多，当然, 这种有相当难度的表达需要建筑在扎实的语言基础和功底之上。4. Apart from working hard and having wide knowledge, a successful English teacher usually possesses the following abilities to teach. 5. As far as I am concerned, we should spend our leisurely hours in a productive and meaningful way.6. To make our leisure time meaningful and productive, we should cultivate some hobbies, like sports, music, gardening and so on.第4、5、6三句分别由介词短语、状语从句和不定式短语作为句子的扩展成分，这是信息表达上的需要，同时也丰富和复杂了句法结构，使句式更加灵活多变。需要说明的是:非谓语动词和各类从句常常是使枯瘦的语句丰满起来, “节外生枝”的重要形式。“节外生枝”故 “妙笔生花”。II词法层面造成句型单一的原因不仅仅在于句法层面，更深入一步探究，还在于词法层面，两者不仅不截然对立，而且紧密联系，可以相互转换。确切地说，在某种程度上，词法上的变化决定着句型的随变，即词汇决定句型。例：1.The meeting is very important.可以改说成The meeting is of great importance.而且并非仅仅体现在作表语的时候，定语时也一样, 如: The important meeting will be put off.也完全可以转换成The meeting of great importance will be put off.2.After he graduated from university, he was employed by a car company.此句after引导的状语从句则可以一个介词短语代替, 改成After his graduation from university, he was employed by a car company.3. Many children drop out of school because they are very poor. 同样，because引导的状语可以代之以一个介词短语, 成为Many children drop out of school because of their poverty.或者because of也可换作同义词组due to 和thanks to。4.I received her reply a few days later.则可用另一种表达法, A reply from her came to/arrived at me a few days later.大致说来，上述各句中，转换后的一种表达法相对于前一种层次更高，语言质量更佳。III针对性训练书面表达属于语言输出，而要输出首先必须进行语言输入，有大量的语言素材的储备。借用政治经济学的概念，书面表达的过程相当于资本进行原始积累到简单再生产到扩大再生产的过程。因此，书面表达的前期阶段-语言输入，便成为“资本原始积累”的过程。第一阶段:原始积累阶段这一阶段以背诵和记忆为主要措施，目的在于牢固掌握最基础的语言材料-词和词组的拼写。1以熟记词-词组为起点：作为最基础部分的工作，熟练过硬是必须达到的唯一的要求，表达能力的强弱很大程度上依赖于谴词造句灵活运用的能力。夯实基础的有力措施以抓实单词、词组拼写为起点：采取“分割记忆-步步为营-温故知新”的方法。将每个单元的单词以十个一次为单位分割成若干次，每节课听写十个单词，听写错误的单词课后重新听写。每单元结束后，对本单元中出现过的词组、短语和片语安排一次听写。两个单元结束后进行一次词汇小测试。2以背诵句型和范文为支柱: 要求对课文中出现的重要句型和优美段落背诵, 并且配以听写、默写、翻译、造句等练习来加以巩固。段落的背诵必须做到质和量双保，特别强调流畅与准确。第二阶段：简单再生产阶段这一阶段的练习体现出很强的机械性特征，在形式上表现为封闭或半开放性，目的在于熟练掌握词汇和句型的运用。设计英语释义、英汉对照互译、同义反义词替换、词性转换、一义多种表达等练习形式训练词汇、句型的灵活运用。1句型转换(1) a. It seemed that they were writing something for the teacher.b.They seemed _ _ _ something for the teacher.（to be writing）(2) a. On Nature Day people dont allow destroying nature.b. On Nature Day _ _ _ nature is allowed. (no destruction of)2一义多句(1)在严冬季节，园丁们想尽了办法保护幼苗不致冻死。a. In the cold winter, the gardeners did all they could to protect the young treesfrom dying.b. In the cold winter，the gardeners did everything they could to protect the young trees from dying.c. In the cold winter，the gardeners did what they could to protect the young trees from dying.d. In the cold winter, the gardeners did as much as they could to protect the young trees from dying.e. In the cold winter, the gardeners tried every possible means to protect the young trees from dying.(2)直到上午十一时半，我才得以饥肠辘辘地回家。a. It was not until 11:30 am that I could go back home with an empty stomach.b. Only until 11:30 am could I go back home with an empty stomach.c. I could not go back home with a lumbering stomach until 11:30 am.d. I could go back home with a lumbering stomach no earlier