倒装句.doc

倒装句 主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称全部倒装,是指将句子中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。部分倒装（Partial Inversion）:指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前,而谓语动词无变化。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。一完全倒装的四种主要类型1. here, there, now, then, thus位于句首时的倒装here, there, now, then位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go, follow等表示移动或动态的不及物动词：There goes the bell. 铃响了。【注意】(1) 以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus。(2) 若主语为代词，则不倒装：Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。Here it comes. 它来了。(3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)：There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。2. away和down等位于句首时的倒装地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词：Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。【注意】若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装：Away he went. 他跑远了。Down it came. 它掉了下来。3. 状语或表语位于句首时的倒装为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装：Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。【注意】在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。4. 分词和不定式置于句首的倒装有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装：Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。二部分倒装1. 否定副词位于句首时的倒装在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装：He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。【注意】(1) 对于notuntil句型，当not until位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序：He didnt leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，如：On no accounts，Under no circumstances，by no measns,由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序：In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。2.“only+状语”位于句首时的倒装当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序：Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。注意：only修饰非状语时，主谓不倒装，如：Only I knew about it.只有我知道这件事的情况。3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首时的倒装副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。【注意】(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor：You arent young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。She hasnt read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。(2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别：It was cold yesterday. So it was. “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”Father, you promised. Well, so I did. “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”5. 由not onlybut also引出的倒装当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。但是neithernor 两个部分都要倒装：Neither has she understood, nor has she sought to understand. 她不懂也不想去弄懂。6. 虚拟条件句的省略与倒装当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句：Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。【注意】省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词：Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。7. “一就”句型的倒装Hardlywhen, no sooner than, scarcely when. 应该把hardly, no sooner, scarcely放在句首，把主句过去完成时的助动词had提到主语前面，后面保持不变。Hardly had I known it when I told him. 我一知道就告诉他了。8. 频度副词放在句首时的倒装频度副词often, always, once, now and then, every other day, many a time等放在句首时。Often did we go for walks together after supper at that time. 那时，我们晚饭后常一块儿散步。Every other day did he go to the hospital to see his father. 每隔一天他就去医院看望他父亲。9. as引导的让步状语从句在as引导的让步状语从句中(名词形容词/副词动词+as+主谓结构)。Child as he is，he knows more than you.虽然他是孩子，但他懂的比你多。Tired as he was，he continued the work.虽然他累了，但他继续工作。Much as I like it, I will not buy it. 虽然我很喜欢这东西，但我不想买它。Try as they may,they will not succeed. 尽管他们很努力，但不会成功。三易错题1. - it said that he is not to be trusted.A. Often Ive heard B. Often I heard C. Often did I hear D. Often have I heard解析：频度副词often, always, once, now and then, every other day, many a time等放在句首时，句子要部分倒装，排除A, B。因为从句中使用的一般现在时，所以主句的动词不可能用一般过去时，除非是真理，所以排除C，只能选择D。可以表示到现在为止，我经常听人说他是不可靠的。2. If you dont want to go , neither -.A. will I B. I will C. do I D. I do解析：条件句是用一般现在时表示将来，隐含的意思是If you dont want to go, I wont go, either. 那么变成倒装句为neither will I. 选择A。3. Alice doesnt speak French, - does Bob.A. either B. so C. nor D. also解析：表达的意思是否定的，所以选择nor，因为当主语不是同一个人或物时,nor和neither可互换. Neither和nor的不同点：1）当主语是同一个人或物时,只能用nor.例如:I dont know,nor do I care.我不知道,也不关心.2）当并列分句有两个以上时,只能用nor. 例如:You cant sing ,nor can I ,nor can she.你不会唱歌,我不会,她也不会.4. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away -.A. fleeing the thief B. was fleeing the thief C. the thief was fleeing D. feld the thief解析：地点副词位于句首，完全倒装，排除A，C。又因为flee逃走，是瞬间动词，不能用进行时，所以排除C，选择D。5. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else - such a beautiful palace.A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find解析：nowhere这样的否定副词放在句首时，句子要倒装，排除B,C.又因为是一般现在时，选择A。因为could表示过去时，排除D。6. - fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be解析：由题意“如果你被解雇了，你的医疗保险和其他福利不会马上停止发放”。可以看出该句是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句部分应该用Should you be 相当于If you should be，所以选择B项。因为对将来的虚拟，条件从句只能用动词过去时、were to和should。7. - that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.A. So successful her business was B. So successsful was her businessC. So her business was successful D. So was her successful business解析：副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装, 但是谓语只有was，所以只能把was提前，所以是B。 英语倒装句常见易错点扫描 倒装一般分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是将整个谓语置于主语之前,而部分倒装则是将部分谓语置于主语之前,且通常是情态动词、助动词、系动词等。在整个英语语法体系中,相对于其它大的特别重要的语法项目,倒装句型不算很难掌握,但是很多考生仍然会出现种种错误。本文试图就同学们在学习和使用英语倒装句的过程中常出现的易错点进行扫描和归纳。 易错点一:否定词在句首 众所周知,含有否定意义的副词或连词在句首,句子要部分倒装。但以下几种句型同学们务必要加以注意: 1. no sooner. than._和hardly . when . no sooner . than . 和 hardly . when . 通常用来表示过去发生的活动,意为“一 就”,是同学们容易出错的句型。值得注意的主要有两点,一是时态,二是倒装。所谓时态,就是主句须用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。而倒装则是指如否定词no sooner和hardly在句首,主句要倒装。 例1No sooner _ taken away by police for questioning than _ subsequently dismissed from his position as executive vice-president of the CFA by General Administration of Sport. A. had Nan Yong been; was he B. had Nan Yong been; he was C. was Nan Yong; was he D. Nan Yong had been; he was 解析否定词no sooner在句首,句子要倒装。但这里的倒装是在主句,从句不可倒装。所以本题答案选B。 2. not only . but also . 做有关not only . but also .在句首的命题,我们应该从两个方面加以注意:如连接的是两个并列主语,须注意主谓一致问题,即谓语动词单复数与后一个主语保持一致;如连接的是两个非主语,句子要倒装。 例2Not only_great attention to corruption in soccer, but_been made. A. does China pay; a lot of progress has B. China pays; a lot of progress has C. does China pay; has a lot of progress D. China pays; has a lot of progress 解析not only . but also . 连接两个并列句,前一分句要倒装,而后一分句不能倒装,故本题答案选A。 3. neither . nor . 例3Neither_the UN climate conference in Copenhagen_its goal nor_at the initial stage. A. did; achieve; any agreement was reached B. has; achieved; was any agreement reached C. has; achieved; any agreement was reached D. did; achieve; was any agreement reached 解析neither .nor . 连接两个分句,两句都要倒装,并且都用一般过去时,所以本题答案选D。 4. by no means, at no time, in no case, in no way 和 under no condition 例4Despite what Id been told about the native peoples attitude towards strangers,_did I come across any rudeness. A. in no time B. at no time C. in any time D. at any time 解析含有no的介词短语在句首,句子也要倒装,at no time_,“决不”,故本题答案选B。 易错点二:“only + 状语”在句首 例5Only when _ from floating away from the spaceship. A. the line was fixed could he keep B. was the line fixed he could keep C. was the line fixed he could be kept D. the line was fixed could he be kept 解析“only + 状语”在句首,句子要部分倒装。only 在句首时要注意两点:一、紧跟在only之后的如果是状语从句,倒装应该在主句进行,状语从句本身不可倒装。所以本题答案选D。二、only如果所修饰的不是状语,而是主语或宾语等,即使在句首,句子也不得倒装。例如: Only three Chinese Football Association (CFA) officials, including Nan Yong, former head of soccer in China, have been put under criminal detention so far. 到现在为止,只有三位足协官员被刑拘,包括前足协主席南勇。 易错点三:so / such_._that引导结果状语从句 例6_that quite a lot of people were out of work. A. So became serious the global economic crisis B. So serious became the global economic crisis C. So serious did the global economic crisis become D. Serious the global economic crisis became so 解析so/such . that引导的结果状语从句,如果so/such . 部分被置于句首,主句要倒装。但必须注意的是,这里的倒装是部分倒装,而不是全部倒装。故本题答案选C。 请比较以下例句:So sad did she look at the news that I didnt know what to say to comfort her. 听到那个消息,她是如此悲伤,我不知道该怎么安慰她。 Such a well-known man is he that everyone wants to take a photo with him. 他非常著名,大家都想和他一起合影。 Such was his excitement that he jumped with joy. 他非常兴奋,高兴得跳了起来。 易错点四:as引导让步状语从句 作为连词,as功能繁多,可以引导定语从句、时间状语从句、原因状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句等。但是引导让步状语从句时,句子要部分倒装。主要有以下三种句型: 1)表语 + as_+ 主语_+_谓语 2)状语 + as_+ 主语_+_谓语 3)动词 + as_+ 主语_+_情态动词 例7_ , he is quite considerate and often helps a lot with housework. A. As he is a child B. Child as he is C. Child although he is D. A child as he is 解析本题是第一种句型:表语+as+主语+谓语,但是如果表语是单数名词,倒装后的名词前不用冠词。所以本题答案选B。 易错点五:虚拟条件句 虚拟条件句也可以部分倒装,但必须注意的是:从句一定要有助动词(had, were, should等),没有助动词,从句不可倒装。 例8_the expense, I_ to Australia for the Spring Festival. A. If I were not; go B. Were it not for; would go C. Werent it for; would go D. If it hadnt been for; would go 解析分析题干,不难看出本题是对将来而言,所以先排除选项A和D。同学们容易困惑的是选项C,C错在哪儿?本题的考点是:if引导的虚拟条件句,如果助动词前置倒装,不可用助动词和否定词not的缩写形式。值得指出的是:真实条件句对将来而言,一般用一般现在时,但也可以用should do。但如果用should do,should同样可以提前倒装。例如:Should US President Barack Obama meet the Dalai Lama, further undermining of the China-US ties will be unavoidable. 如果奥巴马会见达赖,中美关系将无法避免地受到进一步的破坏。 易错点六:so与neither / nor 副词 so 或neither/nor 位于句首,表示前面所说的情况,也适合于另一人或物,句子通常要部分倒装。肯定句用so,否定句用neither/nor。但是,如果前后为同一人或物,出于强调,即便将so置于句首句子也不可倒装。 例9 It was quite cold yesterday. _ _Which of the following is wrong? A. So it was B. So is it today C. So was it the day before D. So was it 解析选项B和C表示今天、前天和昨天一样,天气很冷,所以句子得倒装。而选项A同指昨天,只是为了强调,句子不可倒装。故本题答案选D。 易错点七:主语部分较长 主语部分较长,为了句子结构平衡,通常将地点状语或表语置于句首,句子全部倒装。 例10In the corner of the lawn_, on which_ “Keep off the grass!” A. stands a board; are written B. a board stands; writes C. stands a board; read D. does a board stand; are written 解析题干的主语部分含有一个定语从句,主句得倒装。而从句主语部分也比较长,所以从句也得倒装。故本题答案选A。 例11Nearby_which he sent the answers to some candidates. A. the mobile phone is by B. is the mobile phone by C. the mobile phone is with D. is the mobile phone with 解析本题干为系表结构。主语部分较长,故句子倒装。可能有些同学不理解选项B为什么错,认为通讯工具和交通工具前习惯上都是用介词by。一般情况下,用介词by时,这样的通讯工具和交通工具通常含有抽象意义。如果指具体的交通工具或通讯工具,则不能用by。所以本题答案选D。 易错点八:here、there、now、then或out, in, up, down, away, off等在句首 here,there,now, then 或out, in, up, down, away, off等位于句首,主语是名词,且谓语动词通常为come, go, be, lie, run, rush等,句子一般要全部倒装。 例12Where is your class teacher?_ _ Oh,_. A. here comes he B. h