生理学期末考试辅导.doc

20112012学年度第一学期生理学（二）期末考试辅导：请各位老师向2010级口腔、预防、法医、影像、检验、放射医学各班学生交代以下内容1. 考试形式：双语闭卷，120 min2. 考试时间：2012年01月11日14:00-16:003. 考试范围：全书内容（除去生殖）4. 考试题型： 名词解释8个3=24分（英文出题，要求必须用英文回答，范围见本页附件）；单选题（答案5选1）16个1=16分（答案须填入表格内，答在题页无效）回答题6个10=60分5. 名解限定如下：Physiology Knowledge ReviewTerminology（65）Internal environmentall cells of the body are surrounded by extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.Homeostasishomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium. Simple diffusionLipid-soluble molecules are capable of moving freely across the cell membrane by transport down their concentration gradients.Facilitated diffusion It means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substance across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins.Sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).ReverspolarizationIt refers as a reversal of membrane potential polarity. The inside of a cell becomes positive relative to the outside.Salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.Absolute refractory periodThe time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.Neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.EPP(end plate potential)A focal depolarized potential on the end-plate membrane.Isometric contraction Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.Isotonic contraction Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.Physiological HemostasisThe process from vessel bleeding to automatic hemostasia.Blood CoagulationThe process of blood flow from flowing liquid to gel or gelatin.Cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested against the donors cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipients cells, this test is called cross-matching test.Effective refractory period (ERP)Time from phase 0 beginning (depolarization) to phase 3 (repolarization) with -60mV, which can not generate AP of cardiac myocyte again. Premature systoleWhen a second action potential of cardiac myocyte is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole. Compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual heart beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.Atrioventricular delay When excitation transmission is from atrial muscle to ventricular muscle, conductive speed is slower at Atrioventricular node, which is beneficial to ventricle filling and ejection.Cardiac CycleIt is the events occurring during a single heartbeat, cardiac cycle includes electrical and mechanical events and systole and diastole ,which forms into one mechanical activity cycle.Stroke volume (SV)It is blood volume of per ventricular contraction (mL/beat), EDV-ESV=70ml.Cardiac output (CO)The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume. = SVHR, 5-6 L / min. Or cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a period of time (min).Cardiac index (CI)Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area. Cardiac reserve (CR)The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure; 100mmHg (13.3kPa)Central venous pressure (CVP)The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, 412 cmH2O.Microcirculation Capillary blood circulation between the arteriole and venule is microcirculation.Carotid sinus baroreceptors reflex (CBR) ResettingIt happen in chronic hypertension, and its function are diminished.Intrapleural pressureIt is the pressure between the chest wall and lungs. Or the pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.Pulmonary surfactantA detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.Functional residual capacity (FRC)The volume at which these two opposing forces (lungs, contraction and chest, expansion) balance is called the functional residual capacity (FRC). Or it equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).Alveolar ventilation It measures the volume of air that actually reaches the alveoli per unit time because it takes into account dead space volume or it =(tidal volume-dead space )respiratory frequency, and it is a pulmonary ventilative accurate estimating index.Ventilation/perfusion ratioThe ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.84 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).Oxygen dissociation curve The curve describes relationship between the PO2 and the hemoglobin oxygen saturation, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape.Basic electrical rhythm (BER)In the stomach and intestine, smooth muscle cells undergo spontaneous, rhythmic membrane depolarizations called the basic electrical rhythm (BER). Gastric emptyingGastric emptying is a process of chyme coming from stomach to duodenum.Basal metabolism rate (BMR)Energy metabolism rate under the basal conditions which are morning, waking, repose, non-muscle activity, fasting more than 12 hours, room temperature (2025C) and well-being sanity.Body temperatureThe body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant temperature.Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) It is the amount of fluid moving into Bowmans capsule per unit time (min).Glomerular filtration fractionThe glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.Renal glucose thresholdWhen the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.Glomerulotubular balanceOne of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerular-tubular balance.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)A product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.AdaptationWhen a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation.Adequate stimulusThe stimulus that a receptor is specialized to receive and transduce. In the case of the eye, the adequate stimulus would be visible light, in the ear it would be sound waves, and so on.Dark adaptationOn going from a light environment into a darker one, there is a gradual increase in sensitivity allowing dimmer lights to be seen, a mechanism known as dark adaptation.Light adaptationWhen one passes suddenly from a dim to a brightly lighted environment, the light seems intensely and even uncomfortably bright until the eyes adapt to the increased illumination and the visual threshold rise. This adaptation occurs over a period of seconds.Reduced eyeIf all the refractive surfaces of the eye are algebraically added together and then considered to be one single lens, the optics of the normal eye may be simplified and represented schematically as a reduced eye.Blind point In the visual field of each eye, there is a physiological scotoma, the blind point, which coincides with the place where the optic nerve passes out of the eye through the sclera and there is no retina.Visual fieldThe field of vision is the area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area seen to lateral side is called the temporal field of vision.Cochlear microphonic potentialThe electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)The excitatory postsynaptic potential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to release of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)A hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.NeurotransmitterChemical substance synthesized by the presynaptic neurons, released from endings, via synaptic space diffusion, specifically combining with postsynaptic neuron or effector receptor, induce information transmission from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic.Postsynaptic inhibitionThe presynaptic neuron releases an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to stimulate. It includes afferent collateral inhibition and recurrent inhibitionPresynaptic inhibitionA process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter released by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob.Specific projection systemThe specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.Nonspecific projection systemDiffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.Referred painDamage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ itself but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.Spin