英语文体学.ppt

IntroductiontoEnglishStylistics Courserequirements Classattendanceisrequired notoptional Courseevaluation Attheendofthecourse eachstudentistosubmitatermpaperrelatedtostylistics Coursedescription Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle Inamuchbroadersense itdealswiththestudyofallkindsofwriting varietiesofEnglish Inanarrowersense itisaninterdisciplinarysubject Itisastudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation thatis fromalinguisticpointofview literarystylistics Therefore itdiffersfromlinguisticsandliterarycriticisminthatitessentiallylinksthesetwo Majortopicstobediscussed 1 Whatisstylistics Whatisstylisticsmeanttodo Whatisstyle 2 Phonologicalstylisticmarkers3 Lexicalstylisticmarkers4 Grammaticalstylisticmarkers5 Normanddeviation6 VarietiesofEnglish7 Practicalstyle Referencebooks 英语文体学引论 王佐良 外研社 英语文体学教程 徐有志 高等教育出版社 英语文体学教程 张德禄 高等教育出版社 英语语体学 裴文 安徽大学出版社 实用英语文体学 钱瑗 外研社 文体学概论 秦秀白 湖南教育出版社 PatternsinLanguage StylisticsforStudentsofLanguageandLiterature Thomborrow J 1998 StyleinLanguage Sebeok T A ed 1960 TheFiveClocks Joos M 1962 LinguisticsandStyle Enkvist N E Spencer 1964 InvestigatingEnglishStyle Crystal D D Davy 1969 Stylistics Turner G W 1973 StyleinFiction Leech G M Short 1981 TheStylisticsofFiction Toolan M 1990 Thegoals components andprocedureofstylisticinquiryGoalsThefirstgoalofstylisticsistohelpreadersunderstandatextbetter Inotherwords itprovidesinsightsintothemeaningofthetext Thesecondgoalistoexplainwhyandhowonetextisbetterthananotherone Thatistosay stylisticsismoredirectlyconcernedwithinterpretationofatext ComponentsDescription interpretation evaluationThemostimportantthingistorememberthereisactuallynorigidandfixedprocedureofstylisticanalysisofliterarywork Linguisticobservationandliteraryinsightproceedsfromeachotherandenhanceseachotherandtheyformacyclicmotion Procedure Analyticphase interpretativephaseThenatureofstylisticanalysisGenerally thestylisticanalysisismainlyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofthelanguageuseinagiventext Thatistoshowwhatispeculiartothelanguageinatext Thisisdeterminedbythenatureofstyleitself Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonbetweenthelanguageusedinthetextunderinvestigationandthelanguageusedinaconventionalway Soessentiallyspeaking stylisticstudyisessentiallycomparativeinnature Generally theprocedureofstylisticanalysisisoftensequencedintwosteps a linguisticdescription b contextualfactorsanalysis Linguisticdescriptioncanbedoneatphonological graphological lexical syntactical semanticandtextuallevel Contextualfactorsanalysisincludethefollowingaspects fieldofdiscourse tenorofdiscourseandmodeofdiscourse AchecklistoflinguisticdescriptionPhonologicalcategory a elision omissionofsound s b soundpatterningc rhymed pausee stressf lengthg tempo thespeedofspeaking h intonationi onomatopoeia Graphologicalcategory a punctuationb capitalizationc paraphrasing thewayatextisdividedintoparagraphs d italicse formatofprintingf graphicsigns sizeofshapeofletters tables pictures diagrams drawingsetc Lexicalcategory whetherthelexisusedisa generalorspecificb Anglo SaxonorLatinatec simpleorhardd descriptiveorevaluativef formalorinformalg standardornonstandardh dynamicorstatici archaicorneologismj abstractorconcrete Syntactic grammaticalcategory howwordsareorderedandconnectedintosentences a sentencetypesb sentencelengthc clausetypes SV SVA SVO SVOA SVOO SVOC finite nonfinite d normalorderofinvertede tense theprevailingtense f voice activeorpassive Semanticcategory a figuresofcomparison simile metaphor analogy personification b figuresofreplacement metonomy synecdoche euphemism overstatement understatement etc c figuresofrepetitiond figuresofcontrast antithesis oxymoron paradox climax anticlimaxetc e figuresofdoublemeaning pun irony Theaimofthiscourseistwo fold Toofferachancetodeepen facilitateyourunderstandingoftheknowledgeoflinguisticsyouhavejustacquiredandputittopracticaluse 2 Tocultivatestylisticawarenessorinsightintodifferentstylesofwriting varietiesofEnglish todeveloptheabilitytodostylisticanalysisandhopefullypursuingabetterunderstandingorappreciationofliteraryworksandotherstylesofwriting Chapter1 I Definitionofstylistics Thestudyofthatvariationinlanguagewhichisdependentonthesituationinwhichthelanguageisused Althoughstylisticssometimesincludesinvestigationofspokenlanguage itusuallyreferstothestudyofwrittenlanguage includingliterarytexts Stylisticsisconcernedwiththechoicesthatareavailabletoawriterandthereasonswhyparticularformsandexpressionsareusedratherthanothers LongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeaching AppliedLinguistics Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext Forexample thelanguageofadvertising politics religion individualauthors etc orthelanguageofaperiodintime allbelonginaparticularsituation Stylisticsalsoattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage suchassocialisation theproductionandreceptionofmeaning criticaldiscourseanalysisandliterarycriticism Widdowsonprovidesamoreinformativedefinition Bystylistics ImeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo G Leechdefinesstyleasthestudyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature ameeting groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy Inshort stylisticsisdefinedasthestudyofdiscourseortextonthebasisofmodernlinguistictheories ThedevelopmentofstylisticsModernstylisticsgotitsdevelopmentinthe19thand20thcenturiesfromrhetoricandfromtheinterpretationofliterature ThefirstbookonstylisticswaswrittenbyaFrenchscholarCharlesBally studentofF D Saussurein1902 wasconsideredalandmarkofmodernstylistics Later Spitzer aGermanscholarbegantoanalyzeliteraryworksformastylisticpointofview andwasoftenconsideredasthe fatherofliterarystylistics 2 Fromthebeginningofthe1930totheendofthe1950sstylisticswasdevelopingslowlyandwasonlyconfinedtotheEuropeancontinent Duringthisperiod theRussianformalists thePragueSchoolandtheFrenchstructuralistsallcontributedtothedevelopmentofstylistics 3 Fromtheendof1950stothepresenttime modernstylisticsreacheditsprosperity Thiscanbefurtherdividedintoroughlyfourperiods a Fromtheendofthe1950stotheendofthe1960s formalstylisticsprevailed b Thesecondperiodisthe1970s inwhichfunctionalstylisticspredominated c Inthe1980s discoursestylisticsflourished d Inthe1990s thesocio historical socio culturalstylisticsorcontextualizedstylisticsdevelopedquickly Threemovementsthatpromotethedevelopmentofstylistics 1 Modernistmovementinartandliterature whichlastedfrom1890toWorldWarI Thismovementischaracterizedbyitsbreakawayfromthetradition Thisbreakawayliftedallrestraintsuponthecontentandlanguageusedinartandliterature Thisledtothetolerance acceptance andappreciationofthedifferentkindsoflanguagethatappearinliteratureandart 2 Anotherrevolutionoccurredinthefieldofliterarycriticism whichhadaprofoundradicalinfluenceuponstylistics ThemostimportantproponentofthisrevolutionisI A Richards whowasdissatisfiedwiththecriticismofhisageforinhisopinionthecriticsofhistimehadgiventoomuchattentiontothemoralaspectofliterature andhesuggestedthatamoreobjectiveapproachshouldbetakentowardsliterarycriticism Hebasedhisapproachuponclosereadingoftheliterarytextandlinguisticanalysisofthelanguageofthetext 3 Thethirdrevolutionthathadhelpedtheemergenceofstylisticsistheonethattookplaceinthescienceoflinguisticsinthelate1950 s ThisrevolutionwasinitiatedbytheworkofNoamChomskyandMichaelHallidaywhosethoughtsweredirectlyorindirectlyinfluencedbythelinguistictheoryofF DeSassure Andgenerallyspeaking thedevelopmentinthedomainoflinguisticsprovidedthestylisticianswitheffectiveandnewtoolsforanalyzingthelanguageinbothliteratureandothertypesofdiscourse 2 Classificationofstylistics stylistics generalstylistics literarystylistics generalfeaturesofvarioustypesoflanguageuse uniquefeaturesofliteraryworks Theoreticalstylistics thetheories origin trend historicaldevelopmentofstylistics Inabroadsense differentkindsofwriting varietiesofwritinginanarrowsense literarywriting includingthestudyofwritingstyleofwritersII ThedefinitionofstyleMannersindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures devicesorpatterns most orleast frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextoraparticularvarietyoflanguage II Themainjobofstylistics toshowwhyandhowcertainworkscangetitsparticularmeaning namely whatdoesthetextmean Howdoesthetextmeanwhatitmeans Whyisthetextvaluedasitis thestudyofhowtouselanguageeffectively appropriatelyinsteadoffocusingoncorrectness Appropriatenessvs Correctness Thefollowingexamplesshowustherelationshipbetweenappropriatenessandcorrectnesseg a Supposeyoumeetaforeignteacheroncampusandgreethimbyasking Hi Mr Johnson haveyouhadyourmeal b supposeapersontriestocomfortayoungladywhosehusbanddiedandhesaystoher I mterriblysorrytohearthatyourhusbandhasjustdied butdon tletitupsetyoutoomuch Youareanattractive youngwoman I msureyouwillfindsomeoneelsesoon Comment Grammaticallycorrectbutaviolationoftheconventionorcustomsinusingthelanguage NativespeakersofEnglishwouldneversaythatway Inthissense itisagainsttheruleofappropriatenesshowevercorrecttheformis Discussionquestion Thefollowing4sentencesconcernthewayahousewifetalkstoamilkman Whichonedoyouthinkisthemostappropriate 1 Canyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrowplease 2 Leaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrowanddon tforget 3 Itwouldbegreatlyappreciatedifyoukindlyleaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrow 4 Wouldyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrow justforme 1 Whenhisdaddied Petehadtogetanotherjob 2 Afterhisfather sdeath Peterhadtochangehisjob 3 Onthedeceaseofhisfather Mr Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment Alsocompare III LevelsofstyleThreelevelsofstyle high middleandlow Middlestylewillserveperfectlywellformostofyourwriting Itisthestyleinwhichmostoftheworld swritinggetsdone HighStyleandHardWords Thehighstyleaimsatloftinessandgrandeur Today sreadersarelikelytofindittooornateandceremoniousforallbutafewoccasions butatcertainperiodsinthepastitwasusedmorefreely Here fromtwocenturiesago isHighStyleatitshighest SamuelJohnsonruminatingonthedangersoftheimagination Toindulgethepoweroffictionandsendimaginationoutuponthewingisoftenthesport ofthosewhodelighttoomuchinsilentspeculation Whenwearealonewearenotalwaysbusy thelaborofexcogitationistooviolenttolastlong theardorofinquirywillsometimesgivewaytoidlenessorsatiety Hewhohasnothingexternalthatcandiverthimmustfindpleasureinhisownthoughts andmustconceivehimselfwhatheisnot forwhoispleasedwithwhatheis Hethenexpatiatesinboundlessfuturity andcullsfromallimaginableconditionsthatwhichforthepresentmomentheshouldmostdesire amuseshisdesireswithimpossibleenjoyments Comment 1 Highstyledifferssharplyfromthestyleofeverydayconversation Usuallyitdiffersbyvirtueofitssolemnity itsresoundingrhythms andtheelaboratestructureofitssentences 2 Differenceinthesophisticationofitswording Veryseldomdoesdailyconversationcontainsuchaphraseas toindulgethepoweroffiction or silentspeculation ortheardorofinquiry 3 MiddleStyle asopposedtohighstyle doesn taimforloftinessorgrandeur butforclarityandsimplicity LowStylee g I mfedupwiththewaygalsgettreatedinthelatestflicks Foronething therearen tmanyofthemaroundanymore Thebestflicksyouseethesedaysaremostlyaboutguys Patton Godfather TheSting Andwhenwomendogetapieceoftheaction they reeitherwhoreslikethewomanplayedbyLindaLovelaceorbitcheslikeMrs RobinsoninTheGraduateorstupid You llhearpeoplelaughatthefemalestereotypesintheflicksofthefortiesandfifties butwomenwereatleastimportantinalotofthoseoldflicks andbesides thestereotypesweresortofinteresting Comment OneofthefeaturesofLowStyleistheuseofcolloquialisms Althoughsuchdictionfitsperfectlywellintocasualconversation theMiddleStyleusesitsparinglybecauseitsoundssomuchlikecasualtalk Thepassagealsocontainsslang specificallyflick bitches anddig Slangwordsarecolloquialismssoextremethattheymustbeusedevenmorecautiouslyandlessfrequently Therightslangintherightplacecanaddjusttherighttouchofhumor realism orlocalism Chapter2I Phonologicalstylisticfunctions stylemarkerinphonology1 StressandintonationWordshaveweight soundandappearance itisonlybyconsideringthesethatyoucanwriteasentencethatisgoodtolookatandgoodtolistento W SomersetMaugham Thesoundmustseemanechotothesense A Pope a Stress Wordstressandsentencestresseg Johnboughtthatnewcaryesterday 123456Question Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifeachofthewordsinthesentenceisstressed If John isstressed itmeans ItwasJohn notanybodyelse whoboughtthenewcaryesterday If bought isstressed itmeans a Hehadbeenwanderingtobuythatnewcarandhedidbuyityesterday b Yousaidthathewouldn tbuythatnewcar butheboughtityesterday c Heboughtthatnewcaryesterday hedidn tstealit If that isstressed itmeans ratherthanthisonehereIf new isstressed itmeans Hedidn tbuyasecond handcar If car isstressed itmeans WhatJohnboughtwasacar notatruckoracartorabicycle If yesterday isstressed itmeans a andseewhatamessitisheretoday b butitdoesn tworkproperlytoday c notthedaybeforeyesterday d butitseemstomethathehadhaditforalongtime Anotherexample Doitnow If do isstressed itmeans Don justtalk youshoulddosomething If it isstressed itmeans Don tdoanythingelse youshoulddothisthingnow If now isstressed itmeans Noloitering Nowastingthetime Don tputitofftilllatertime 2 Lengtha Expressingacertainfeeling e g Getout Doitnow Ifreadquicklyandwithahighpitch thesentencemeansthespeakerisangry Ifreadslowlyandwithalowpitch thesentencemeansakindofthreat b Lengthcanalsoinfluencerhythm longvowelsanddiphthongscanslowdownrhythmwhileshortvowelscanaccelerateorquickenrhythm E g 1 Therainwhippedthewindow 2 heseesthecobraemergeandmakeforthebowlofmilk Screamsringoutashejumpstoslamtheverandadoorssafelyshut 3 Theseaisrough 4 Theslowrollsofthesurgesonthesea 5 Theoldmanjumpedbackasifhehadbeenstungandbloodrushedintohiswrinkledfaced 6 Nowitwasbeingburnedtoacrisp Thewaterholesweredriedupandwesawdeadcattlelyinghereandthereonthetreeless rollingrange Somefarmerswerehaulingwaterouttotheirthirstystockdaily othersweretryingtodrilldeepwells 7 Trueeaseinwritingcomesfromart notchance Asthosemoveeasiestwhohavelearn dtodance Tisnotenoughnoharshnessgivesoffense Thesoundmustseemanechotothesense Softisthestrainwhenzephyrgentlyblows Andthesmoothstreaminsmoothernumbersflows Butwhenloudsurgeslashthesoundingshore Thehoarse roughverseshou dlikethetorrentroar 3 Pausea PausecanbefurtherdividedintostructuralpauseandemotivepausePausecanmakeadirecteffectonthespeedofdeliveryandstyle Ininformalstyle pausecanaddweightandthustheeffectofrhythmcanbeachievedstillfurthertoachieveartisticeffect Forexample inthesentence Thefirstawardhasbeenwonby HelenSmith Thebestfemalesingeroftheyeargoesto CelineDion b Pauseisalsoadistinctivefeaturetodistinguishformalspokendiscoursefrominformalspokendiscourse Incasualconversation therewillalwaysbemorepausesthaninformalspokendiscourse e g 1 Yes er onefeatureof aora atripintothecountryoraholidayinthecountryerinBritain ofcourse isthatyoucanermsitonthelandscapeliterally Youknow you youcanclimboveragateandermandspreadaclotha andsitonthegrasseran andhaveapicnic Erm thisinseveralcountriesthatI velivedinisjustnot on Eronejustwouldn tsitdownbecause erwell erper perhapsitwastoohotandthe therewasnoshadeanywherenear orifyoudidyouknewjollywellthatwithin30secondsyouweregoingtobebitteno eralloverbyantsandthiskindofthing 2 Goodafternooneveryone OnourwaydownrivertotheTowerofLondon therearequiteafewplacesofinterestthatwepassaswegoalong Iwillpointoutsomeofthemtoyou Firstofallnowoverontheright handsidethere stheRoyalFestivalHall openedin1951aspartoftheFestivalofBritaincelebrations It soneofthefinestconcerthallsinEurope OverhereontheleftthelargewhitebuildingwiththeclockisShellmexHouse ownedbyShellandBritainPetroleum Theclockthereisthesecondlargestintheworld It sthreeinchessmallerthantheTimesClockinTimesSquareinNewYork 4 Intonation Intonationisaccountedassoulofalanguage Thereexistthreeelementsinintonation namely pitchheight pitchmovementandpitchrange Accordingtotheformationofintonation itcanbefurtherdividedintofallingtone risingtoneandfalling risingtone Fallingtonecanbedividedintolowfallandhighfall andrisingtonecanbedividedintolowriseandhighrise Generallyspeaking fallingtonedenotesdefiniteness certaintyandcompleteness Risingtonedenoteslackofdefiniteness certainty subordinationandincompleteness falling risingtonedenotescontrast reservation concession tentativeness hesitation warningandcontradiction e g 1 Ishould go 2 Ishould go 3 Ishouldgo 4 I shouldgo 5 I shouldgo 5 Onomatopoeia soundimitationDefinition ThewordonomatopoeiaisderivedfromtheGreekword onomatopia meaning Onomatopoeiacanbefurtherdividedintoprimaryonomatopoeiawhichsuggestsabasicconnectionbetweensoundandmeaningandsecondaryonomatopoeia whichsuggestsakindofassociationbetweensoundandmeaning Examplesofprimaryonomatopoeia cat meow cock cockadoodledoo crowhen cluck chuck bull bellow boo moo lowcow moo low chicken cheeppig grunt squeal duck quackdog bark yelp yap bowwowgoat bleat baa Onomatopoeia Humanbeingsandmovement animals Naturalobjects Ouch usedforpainordispleasureow usedinresponsetosuddenpainaha usedforsurprise pleasure Apes gibberbears growlflies buzzfrogs croakturkeys gobblewolves howl Theboomingofartillerythejinglingofthebelltheclangofthehammer Examplesofsecondaryonomatopoeiaa sniff snuff snort snare imitationofthesoundsresultingfrombreathing b sl 滑suchasslide slip slither slush sluice sleek c sk 与表面的接触E g skate skim ski d wh 表示 剧烈 如 whip whirle cl 金属碰撞声 如 clang clink clickf gl 发光 如 glitter glare glimmer glister glowh s hiss whisper rustle whistle Examplesofonomatopoeia 1 Thecrowdbegantohissandboohimforhisunsportsmanlikeconduct buthesatunmoved AnothergreatoutburstofapplausewasDanny sashewalkedbackacrossthering WhenDannystirred therewereohs andahs ofdelight 2 IseeadvancinguponallthisinhideousonslaughttheNaziwarmachine withitsclanking heel clicking dandifiedPrussianofficers itscraftyexpertagentsfreshfromthecowingandtyingdownofadozencountries SpeechonHitler sInvasionofU S S R 3 Theclatter c