信息管理英语教程_中英文对照翻译(一至四篇) (2).doc

1.What is information?information is part of all human experience .Acquiring and processing information are fundamental aspect of life itself current interest in a “science”of information has develop as the result of the complexity of lifes problem.The rapid development of technology,the growth of knowledge,and the fast pace of the modern world create an increasing awareness of the importance of information and the need for professionals dedicate to studying and understanding it 信息是人类所有经验的一部分。获取信息并对信息进行处理是生活本身的重要方面。目前人们对信息“科学”兴趣的增长是由于生活中的问题复杂化的结果所知。技术的快速发展，知识的增加，现代社会的快节奏，这一切都使人们对信息的重要性以及对专门研究理论专业人员的需求认识德越来越清楚。2. The late scholar Fritz Machlup carefully accessed the different meaning associated with information. some interpretation that have been made from these sources are as follow:Something one didnt know before How data are interpreted A clue Something that effort what one already know Something useful in some way to the person receiving it Something used in decision making Something that reduces uncertaintyThe meaning of word in sentencesSomething that provide more than what is stated Something that changes what a person who receive it believes or expects晚学者弗里茨马克卢普通过仔细分析这些相关信息的不同意义。由这些原料/资源所做成的有如下解释：一些以前不为人所知的该如何解释这些数据有一个线索。一些我们努力但却已经知道一些对于人收到他们在某种程度上是有用的一些帮助你做决定一些可以减少不确定性句中单词的意思。一些可以做得比说的多当收到它，可能改变一个人的信仰或者期望3.our understanding of the basic nature of information is clouded by the fact that the word is used in a variety of different contexts in our daily speech. The most prevalent of these everything uses are discuss below我们对信息的基本的性质的理解被应用在我们日常谈话中各种不同的环境下的词语所遮蔽。大多数这些的流行一切常用事情将在下面讨论4. information as a commodity. This refers to an item in a book, in someones head, in a corporate file, or a statistic. When information is regard as a commodity, it often assumes economic value. Management of the commodity becomes paramount. The meaning of the expression “information is power” becomes obvious. If an individual or organization has sole possession of a particular body of information, that information may enable whoever holds it to achieve objectives. Information can thus provide control over objects and persons.信息作为一个商品。它指在一本书中，在某人的头脑中，在一个社团的文件，或一个统计量的项目。当信息把认作一个商品，它常常假设经济价值。对商品的管理成为最重要的。“信息就是力量”的意义变得明晰。就一个个体或组织有独自占有的信息的一个特殊的部分，那个情报可能使掌握信息的任何人得到目标。信息可以以这种方式控制事物和人的供给5. information as energy. Those who view information as energy regard it as a quantifiable physial entity whose presence or absence can be verified experimentally. Its argued that information is transmitted by, or embedded in, ordinary forms of energy. The information provided by sound waves emitted by a train whistle is one example of how it can be described in term of energy.信息作为能源。那些把信息看做能源的人把他认作一个可计量的物理实体 他们的出席或缺席可以被证实实验方法。 信息是传播或者是牢牢嵌入，普通的能源构成。从火车鸣笛声波所提供的信息就是一个就能源而言是怎样被描述的例子6. information as communication. Information is often considered to be synonymous with communication. When one person is communication with another, the person initiating the exchange of data is moving or transferring his or her understanding of the data to the other person. When the data are receive the person becomes informed. Being information, therefore, is the result of communication, or information transfer. If we remove the understanding of the data and only move the actual data, we then have data transmission, the physical denoting or movement of signals.信息作为通讯。信息常常被认为和交流同义。当一个人和另一个人交流时，这个人开始交换数据为了促进或是传递他或她对数据的理解给另一个人，当这个数据被收到， 这个人变得信息灵通。作为信息，因此，导致了通信和信息传输。如果我们移走对数据的理解 然后只搬来实在的数据，我们就获得了数据传输，物理指示和移动标志7. information as facts. Information is often thought to be the same as fact. What is todays date? When is your birthday? How much are your monthly wages? When the term information is used in this way, it does not necessarily mean that there is any implied or actual use of the fact, although one usually wonders about birth-dates, for example, for some purpose: to arrange a party, to purchase a gift . everyone possesses facts about events and object for which no direct need is suggested. When given to you, a fact arouses your interestyou are aware, but thats often the extent of your concern. Unless the fact is placed in context, it remains just that-a fact and nothing else 信息作为事实。信息往往认为是作为事实相同。今天的日期是什么？你的生日是什么时候？你每月有多少工资？ 当术语信息是采用这种方式，这并不一定意味着有任何的事实暗示或实际使用中，虽然人们通常希望对出生日期感到奇怪，例如，为了某些目的：为了安排一个聚会，为了购买一个礼物。每个人都掌握关于建议没有直接需求的事件和对象的事实。当给你们，这一事实引起你的兴趣，那么你会感到振奋，但是这往往是你的关心程度。事实是，除非在上下文中放置，但它仍然只是-一个事实，没有别的8. information as data. Information are often thought the same as data. This way to reiterate the previous discussion regarding information as fact, but the difference lies in the definition of the word fact and data. Data are the product of symbol that organized according to established rules and conventions.For example, when you arrange letters and numbers in certain ways. These letters and numbers become data. A fact was one or many elements embedded in some context. A fact has meaning. The symbols EVL495 are data. They could mean anything or no thing. In the context of a vehicle registration form. they become a license plate number a fact. Thus when we think of information as synonymous with data, we mean that it may sometimes be convenient for us to discuss information in the absence of meaning or context.信息作为数据。信息通常认为和数据相同。这种方式重申以前的讨论信息作为事实，但这种差异在于词语数据和事实的定义中。数据是标志产品，有组织按照既定的规则和惯例。例如，当您安排在某些方面字母和数字。这些字母和数字变成数据。一个事实是一个或多个元素嵌入在某些情况下。一个事实是具有意义的。这些符号EVL495是数据。他们可能意味着什么或没有的东西。在车辆登记表中。他们成为一个车牌号码，一个事实。因此，当我们作为信息数据的代名词认为，我们的意思是它有时会方便我们讨论没有意义或背景的资料。9. information as knowledge. Information is often used interchangeable with knowledge.Knowledge implies a state of understanding beyond awareness. It represent an intellectual capability to extrapolate beyond fact and draw original conclusions. Knowledge must be deduced, not simply sensed. What we “know”, or “think” is often called ”information ”信息知识。经常使用的信息与知识互换。知识意味着一种超越意识的认识状态。它代表了知识的能力之外的事实，推断得出原结论。知识必须推断，而不是简单地感觉到。我们所说的“知道“或“思考”通常被称为“信息”10. as the definition above point out, the word information can be applied to a continuum of lcognitive states, form sensory awareness to synthesis of ideas. If we to deal scientifically with ambiguous word such as data, information, and knowledge we need a more thorough understanding of what they mean. In defining such word we face problem innerent in the definition of all term. One problem is that it is difficult to say what anything is, in terms that will stand up to rigorous test of logic. Determining the basic nature of something requires considerable study and effort. Another difficulty concerns the problem of consensus: definition base on consensus depend on agreement among those who use the terms. Individual viewpoint and opinions can lead to great differences how we view terminology.正如以上定义所指出，信息这个词可以应用到诸如感知和观点综合等一系列认知状态。如果要科学的对待诸如信息、数据、知识这样一些含混不清的词语，就要进一步彻底了解他们的含义。我们在给这些词下定义时，会遇到定义所有术语时所固有的困难，其中一个问题就是，要说出任何一件事情都是很难的，因为这些定义必须能经受住逻辑严格检验。要判断某种事物的基本性质，就需要大量的研究和不懈的努力。另一个问题涉及到一致性：如果使用术语的人能达成共识，定义的一致性就会有保障。在我们审视术语时个人的看法和意见可能会相差甚远。11. in a review of terminology of the information science Tranth found that that the twenty definitions she examined could be categorized into four groups of meaning. The first category stress the external movement of information itself. The second category proposes that information is a process-oriented concept in that movement from source to destination is internal to both sender and receiver. This implies that no physical change in state take place. The third category views information as an object operating within some dynamic process, such as decision making or problem solving. The final category refer information seen as fact or discrete data element. This wide variety of perspectives illustrate that data, information, knowledge are used quite differently depend on context and intention. At times that context and intention are not clear, or are opposition in other equally valid context and intention.在一个信息科学术语的审查Tranth却发现，她检查第二十定义可归纳为四个组分类的意义。第一类是强调信息本身的外部运动。第二类建议，该信息是对于发送者和接收者从发源到目的地的内部运动过程为导向的概念这意味着，在观点没有发生物理变化。第三类观点的信息作为一个动态过程，在一些诸如决策或解决问题，对象操作。最后一类是指为事实或元素的离散数据中看到的信息。这种观点表明，各种数据，信息，知识是依赖于上下文和意图完全不同的使用。有时这种情况下，意图不明确，或在其他同样有效的上下文和意图反对。12. another basic problem with the use of these word is that they can be use of interchangeably. We often changes the way we used the word depending on what we are thinkingour point of reference. Data, information, knowledge and wisdom can be view as part of continuum, one leading into another, each the result of action on preceding, with no clear boundaries between them.另一个与这些词的使用基本问题是，它们可以互换使用的。我们常常改变了我们用这个词这取决于我们的想法，我们的参考点。数据，信息，知识和智慧可以作为统一体的一部分认为，一个领导另一个，每对前款行为的结果与他们之间没有明确的界限。13. as the matter of fact, these is a knowledge spectrum. An event occurs that brings about some conditions and change in the state of the world. This states of condition has to be represented if we human are deal with it. So we invent symbolnumbers, letters, glyphs, or pictures, which become representations of the event. When we use rules to organize such representations, we generate a datum or data. Both our number system and our language are such representations.事实上，知识面是很广泛的。一件事情的发生给世界的状态带来了一些形势和变化。当我们人类在处理的时候，这些形势的状态不得不被表示出来。因此，我们发明了符号：数字、字母、象形文字、和图画，来代表事情。当我们用规则来组织这些代表时，就形成了资料。我们的数字系统和语言就是这种代表。14. we receive data when they stimulate one or more of our sense. When we are exposed to these stimuli, we become aware of data about the event. At this point, most of us say that we have acquire information. What we really mean is that we are now informed. Being informed means that we are aware of some occurrence, but nothing else. We can respond to this information in a number of ways: we can store it in our minds or we can jot it down on a piece of paper. This physical or cognitive representation of data about which we are aware is information.当这些信息刺激了我们的感官时，我们就能接受它们。当我们暴露于这些刺激中时，我们就能意识到事件信息。此时，当我们大多数都说我们获取了信息时，真正的意思是我们被告知了。被告知的意思就是说我们了解了一些情况，再无其它意思。我们对这些信息的回应可以有许多方式：记在脑子里，或者写在一张纸上。这些数据物理的或认知的表现就是我们所意识到的信息。15. when we apply meaning or understanding to our awareness, higher cognitive processes are involved. When we apply such process, we sense that we understand, and can apply what we understand those things that require resolution. This understanding enable us to analyze situation and to put things into their proper perspective. It enable us to pass judgment on these situation and conditions and the fact that influence them. Thus, when we go beyond awareness, we can say we have knowledge. Now we can do with knowledge what we did with information. Knowledge can be part of our thinking, our memory, our way of looking at the world. We can give our knowledge physical representation by packaging it in books, records, and the like. The ultimate step in the knowledge spectrum is wisdom, which always involves the inclusion of values in judgment.当我们想从我们的认识中提取意思或者理解的时候，就要用到高级的认知过程。当实施了这个过程的时候，我们感觉自己理解了，并能应用这些需要分析的东西。这种理解让我们能够去分析情形，把事物放在合适的地方。让我们能够判断情况和形式，以及对他们的影响。因此，当我们超越了认识，我们就可以说我们有了知识。现在我们可以用知识去做我们用信息做的事。知识是我们思想的一部分，我们的记忆，我们认识世界的方式。我们能通过书本、记录的形式来物理地表达我们的知识。知识的最高境界就是智慧，它包括价值的判断。16. if we have access to knowledge, we can build on it, applying values, ethic, and reason to what we know until we arrive a conclusion that benefits and elevate ourselves and others. To elevate oneself and others though knowledge, value, ethic, and reason is to be wise. The productive output of the wise is wisdom. State beyond wisdom are perhaps more of the spirit than the mind, and so are outside the knowledge spectrum.当我们获取了知识，我们就能够应用我们所知的价值、伦理、推论去构建它，直到我们或他人从中受益，或者提升了自己。通过这种方式来提升自己，是明智的。而这种明智做法的结果就形成了智慧。超越智慧的形态是精神，而不是思想，它是列于知识的范围以外的。17. the transformations data to information, knowledge, and wisdom can be represented as part of a spectrum of cognition that characterizer human competence in dealing with lifes events. This spectrum is hierarchical. Each transformation represent a step upward in human cognitive functioning. 把数据转换成信息、知识、智慧可以被认为是认知谱系中的一部分，表示人们有能力处理生活中的事件。而这个谱系是有等级之分的。每一种转换都代表人们认知能力更进一步。18. an information system makes possible the transformation of data to information. A knowledge system is a greater system of which an information system is only a part. A knowledge system describes the transformations that take place within human social networks whose goal, stated, or otherwise, is to increase the sum of human wisdom. For example, scientists in a given discipline derive data from theories and experiment, leading to information about specific events. By sharing this information in journal, conference, and so forth, others become informed, and an understanding of a phenomenon emerges. This understanding eventually leads to greater knowledge of related events. At some point, it is hope, humankind is wiser with respect to the universe of events of which we are a part.信息系统使数据到信息的转换成为可能。比起只含一部分信息的系统，知识的系统更好。一个知识系统描述取代人们社会交往的目的、观点或者其他方面转变是为了增长人类智慧的总合。 例如，科学家从理论和经验中得到一个给定的纪律，主要处特殊的事件。 通过在杂志、会议等等分享这些信息，其他人变得十分的消息灵通和理解出现的现象。 这个理解最终导致了更强大的相关事件知识。在某些时候，它是希望，人类在相较于我们所属于的宇宙时是更明智的。19. it is because of the ambiguity of the terms， implicit in the knowledge spectrum that standards for the use of terms that seems desirable when attempting to develop professional skills specifically oriented to information and information systems. The following definitions round out our explanation of the concept of the knowledge spectrum. They also summarize the basic position and assumptions of the terminology that forms the foundation of the science of information.这是因为这些术语的不确定性，隐含的知识，对于频谱术语的使用标准，似乎应该在尝试开发专门为导向，以信息和信息系统的专业技能。下面的定义完善了我们的知识谱的概念解释。他们还总结了基本立场和术语，它构成了对信息科学的基础假设。Data: letters, numbers, lines, graph, and symbol, ect., used to represent events and their state, organized according to formal rules and conventions.数据：字母、数字、列表、图标和符号等，用来表示事物及其状态，按照正规规则或惯例而组织起来的。Information : the cognitive state of awareness given representation in physical form. This physical representation in physical facilitates the process of knowing.信息：被实体形式表现出来的认识的认知状态。这种实体的表现形式可以使学习的过程更容易。Knowledge: the cognitive state beyond awareness. Knowledge implies an active involvement and understanding and the ability to extend the level of understanding to meet lifes contingencies. 知识：是超越了认识的认知状态。知识暗含着活跃的参与和理解，以及将理解水平扩展到能够应付生活中的紧急状况的能力Knowledge can also refer to the organized record of human experience given physical representation.知识也能涉及到那些将人们经验实体表现出来的组织材料。Wisdom: implies the application of knowledge as contained in human judgment centered around certain criteria or values that are generally accepted by the culture or society.意味着知识的应用，如围绕某些标准或一般是由文化或社会所接受的价值观为本的人的判决中2.What Is Information Management?1.Given the difficulty that appears to surround the concept of information,it would not be surprising if there were to be some difficulty in reaching agreement as to the nature of discipline that is described as”information management”. 给与的难点的概念似乎围绕信息,它并不会让人感到吃惊。协议达成中，如果有一些困难的问题自然地规律,它被描述为“信息管理”。Nevertheless,although the various disciplinary perspectives do not yield a unified view of disciplinary perspective appears to be able to avoid the consideration of the processing of information,when seeking to define information.The next step must be to examine information processing,and the associated concept information management,in more detail. 不过,即使各学科的观点并没有得到一个统一的视图学科视角，当寻求定义信息时，似乎可以避免考虑处理信息。下一步必须检查信息处理，相关的概念信息管理，进行更详细的讨论。2.Information processing might be viewed as doing something to information to make it into something else,e.g. subjective knowledge,differently arranged information or summary information.Curtis,for example,identifies the following as types of information processing:classification of data,rearranging/sorting data,summarizing/aggregating data,performing calculations on data,selection of data.信息处理可能被视为做些事,信息是成某些东西,例如主观知识信息或安排不同的是汇总信息.柯蒂斯,例如,指出了跟随类型的信息处理:分类的数据,重新安排/排序数据,总结/合并数据,计算数据进行,选择的数据。3.Information processing might then be viewed as an activity common to all information users.Information management,on the other hand,is viewed as the province of the professional,although the precise boundaries of the professional group remain to be defined. 信息处理也许到那时就会被视作一种常见的活动信息使用者。信息管理另一方面,被视为专业的专利,但具体的边界的专业团体仍然被定义。4.Ever since the early days of the birth of courses in information science and information management and the creation of bodies such as the Institute of Information,Scientists and Aslib,the Association for Information Management,educators and professional bodies have sought to identify the ideal curriculum for information management and to specify the core competencies and knowledge base of professional information managers. 自从早期的诞生的功课信息科学和信息管理以及创造机构,比如学院的信息,科学家和专门图书管。协会信息管理、教育者和专业机构追求,以确定人选课程信息管理并指定核心竞争力和知识库的专业信息管理人员. In general terms,information management can be viewed as a response to,and a search for new and improved means of controlling the information explosion and the resultant increasing complexity of decision making by improving the flow, the control the analysis and the synthesis of information for decision makers. 一般而言,信息管理可以被看作是回应及寻找新的和改进了的信息爆炸的控制手段, ,结果这一坏处日趋复杂,以供决策者提高决策流程、控制分析和综合的资料。Nevertheless,it has to be acknowledged that the term information management has as many definitions as the authors who have attempted to define it.It is,however,significant that a number of leading management thinkers have emphasized the need for managers to take managing information seriously. 然而,人们也有认识到”信息管理”这个术语有同样多的定义为作者企图定论.所以许多先进管理思想家都强调需要管理者采取信息管理伤势严重。5.The following definitions of information management are useful:下面的定义信息管理是有用的The aim of information management is to promote organizational effectiveness by enhancing the capabilities of the organization to cope with the demands of its internal and external environments in dynamic as well as stable conditions.信息管理的目的是：通过提高在稳定或不稳定条件下适应内外环境需求的能力，来提高组织的效能。 Information management includes organization wide infor