超强GMAT备考资料-GMAT逻辑“ 黑体字” 题型的总结 个人的Bold Face的整理.doc

Bold Face Practice1.Modernnavigationsystems,whicharefoundinmostoftodayscommercialaircraft,aremadewithlow-powercircuitry,whichismoresusceptibletointerferencethanthevacuum-tubecircuitryfoundinolderplanes. (Fact)Duringlanding,navigationsystemsreceiveradiosignalsfromtheairporttoguidetheplanetotherunway. (Principle)Recently,oneplanewithlow-powercircuitryveeredoffcourseduringlanding,itsdialsdimming,whenapassengerturnedonalaptopcomputer. (Evidence)Clearly,modernaircraftnavigationsystemsarebeingputatriskbytheelectronicdevicesthatpassengerscarryonboard,suchascassetteplayersandlaptopcomputers. (Conclusion)2.Adouble-blindstudy,inwhichneitherthepatientnortheprimaryresearcherknowswhetherthepatientisbeinggiventhedrugbeingtestedoraplacebo,isthemosteffectiveprocedurefortestingtheefficacyofadrug. (Principle)Butwewillnotbeabletoperformsuchastudyonthisnewdrug,sincethedrugwillhavevariouseffectsonthepatientsbodies,whichwillmakeusawareofwhetherthepatientsaregettingthedrugoraplacebo. (Anti-Consideration)3.Theinterstitialnucleus,asub-regionofthebrainshypothalamus,istypicallysmallerformalecatsthanforfemalecats. (Fact)AneurobiologistperformedautopsiesonmalecatswhodiedfromdiseaseX,adiseaseaffectingnomorethan0.5percentofmalecats,andfoundthatthesemalecatshadinterstitialnucleithatwereaslargeasthosegenerallyfoundinfemalecats. (Evidence) Thus,thesizeoftheinterstitialnucleusdetermineswhetherornotmalecatscancontractdiseaseX,(Consideration that can be drawn from the first one)but,thehypothalamusisknownnottobecausallylinkedtodiseaseY,anddiseaseXisa subtypeofdiseaseY. (Fact)4.Moreandmorecomputerprogramsthatprovidesolutionstomathematicalproblemsinengineeringarebeingproduced,anditisthusincreasinglyunnecessaryforpracticingengineerstohaveathoroughunderstandingoffundamentalmathematicalprinciples. (Conclusion)Consequently,intrainingengineerswhowillworkinindustry,lessemphasisshouldbeplacedonmathematicalprinciples,sothatspaceintheengineeringcurriculumwillbeavailableforotherimportantsubjects. (Conclusion)5.Gasoline-poweredboatenginesmanufacturedintheaNorthAmericancountrypriorto1990contributesignificantlytothepollutionfoundintheworldsoceans. (Fact)In1990,however,thegovernmentimposedstricterpollutioncontrolsongasolineenginesmanufacturedforboats,andbeginningin1995,thegovernmentimposedaprogramofinspectionsforpre-1990boatengineswithincreasinglyrigorouspollutionstandards. (Fact)Astheolderboatenginesfailtopassinspection,boatownersareincreasinglyretiringtheiroldenginesinfavorofnewer,less-pollutingboatengines. (The evidence showed in the patten of cause and effect )Asaresult,theamountofpollutiontheseolderboatenginesemitintotheworldsoceanswillsteadilydecreaseoverthenexttenyears. (Conclusion)6.Plantsthatexhibitcertainleafdiseasestendtomeasureextremelyhighintheamountofzincintheirleafandstemtissue. (Fact or Background)Botanistshavediscoveredthatphosphorusofthetypetypicallyusedinaphosphorus-highfertilizerreactswiththezincinsuchawayastopreventtreatedplantsfromexhibitingtheleafdiseases,andzincisthecauseandnotmerelyaneffectoftheleafdiseases. (The second evidence found by the author of passage)Thus,plantscanbecuredfromtheseleafdiseasesbytheuseofafertilizerhighinphosphorus. (Conclusion)7.TobeacceptedasamemberattheBrownCountryClub,onemusthaveanetworthofovertenmilliondollarsandmustnothaveanyconnectionstotheentertainmentindustry.RobertChase,thepublishingmagnate,hasanetworthof5billiondollarsandChasehasnotfinancedanyHollywoodmovies, (The part of evidence in support of this argument)sohemustbeacceptedasamemberattheBrownCountryClub. (The conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidences that the argument contains)8.Thesurvivalofthepublishingindustrydependsupontheexistenceofapublicwhowillbuytheprintedwordintheformofnewspapers,booksandmagazines. (Premise)Overthepastseveralyears,however,theadvanceofelectronicmedia,particularlyCD-ROMs,onlinecomputerservices,andtheInternet,hasmadeinformationavailabletothepublicelectronicallywithouttheneedforprintedmaterials.(Fact)Astheavailabilityofelectronicmediaincreasesandasitismoreeasilyaccessible,thepublichaslessneedforprintedmaterials. (The authors evidence)Sothepublishingindustryisthreatenedbytheadvanceofthecomputerinformationage. (The authors conclusion)9.Somethingmustbedonetoeasetrafficcongestion. (Conclusion)Intraditionalsmalltowns,peopleusedtoworkandshopinthesametowninwhichtheylived(Evidence);butnowthatstoresandworkplacesarelocatedfarawayfromresidentialareas,peoplecannotavoidtravelinglongdistanceseachday. (Evidence)Trafficcongestionissoheavyonallroadsthat,evenonmajorhighwayswherethemaximumspeedlimitis55milesperhour,theactualspeedaveragesonly35milesperhour. (Evidence)Sonewbusinessesshouldbeencouragedtolocateclosertowheretheirworkerswouldlive. (Authors method or strategy)10. (OG-205)Consumer advocate: it is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. ( Concession )It is also true that each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence. ( Second concession / A pattern of cause and effect that the advocates argues will not hold in the case at issue)However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumers legal costs. ( A certain position advocate hold)Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and if no longer required to specify fee arrangements, many lawyers who now advertise would increase their fees. ( A consideration in support of that prediction )GWD-1-Q3:A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.( a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy ) appeal: 呼籲,請求But large profits on the new product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new products capabilities.( a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy)Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.( Authors method or strategy)GWD-1-Q22&8-Q31:City Official: At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have. Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are more receiving proper medical care.( the position that the city officials argument opposes ) However, this conclusion is almost certainly false. (the conclusion of the city officials argument ) Careful investigation has recently shown two things: insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary. (Evidence)GWD-3-Q2Hunter: Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forests deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. (the main conclusion of the argument) In the past ten years, the forests protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer. (Evidence)GWD-3-Q16:Economist: Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years. The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact. (supports the environmentalists conclusion) Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest. (states that environmentalists conclusion) However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch. Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.GWD-5-Q19:Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. Village census records for the last half of the 1600s are remarkably complete. (provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish) This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Tellingly: 有效地;顯著地Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a villages population from government census takers would have been easy. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen. (that position)GWD-5-Q20:Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. (an explanation that the argument challenges) However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual. (a finding on which that challenge is based) Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.天山Q25:Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. (an explanation that the argument challenges)However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientists entry into the field, the studys finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.(evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.)GWD-6-Q16:Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz that discuss one of Newtons books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newtons calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. (evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes) A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz notes are limited to early sections of Newtons book, sections that precede the ones in which Newtons calculus concepts and techniques are presented. (evidence offered in support of the historians own position)GWD-7-Q18&8-Q21:Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier. (the position that the argument seeks to establish) Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. (Evidence in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish)Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing. (presents an assumption on which that argument relies. )Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.GWD-9-Q30:Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted 21 of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently. (a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute)What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes. (the main conclusion of the argument)GWD-10-Q17:Editorial:An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commanders approval should no longer be required since the officers time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. (a proposal against which the editorial is directed)This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required. (a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.)GWD-12-Q33:Several of a certain banks top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank. (describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses) This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse. Since the executives are well placed to know their banks true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated. However, the available information about the banks condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their companys condition. On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example. (states the main conclusion of the argument.)天山Q3:Business Consultant: Some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy. (consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy)Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executives dealings with external businesses. (a reason against adopting that strategy)The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporations executives use executi