新世纪大学英语综合教程.doc

Unit OneFriendshipQuestions and Answers1. What are the possible criteria for what makes a person a friend?They are caring, commonality, companionship, intimacy etc2. Why do people have little knowledge about what friendship really means? There are no commonly accepted criteria for defining what friendship really meansTrue or False1. According to ancient scholars, friendship can be classified into three different types. (F)No. We may find three kinds of friendship according to Aristotle.2. Friendship between the young is much easier to change than that between the elderly. (F)No. Both the friendship based on utility and that on pleasure are changeable regardless of the age.3. People linked by friendship, which is based on utility, stay together only when they are mutually useful. (T)4. Time and intimacy are the two prerequisites for the development of true friendship. (T)5. In order to preserve true friendship, people in a community should maintain the equal relationship between each other. (T)Detailed ReadingWhen we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend1. What are “socially acknowledged criteria”?“Socially acknowledged criteria” are established standards that are accepted by all the people in the society.2. Translate this sentence我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in another, the label may seem less appropriate.What does this sentence imply?The criteria for friendship vary from setting to settingThey take pleasure in each others company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.1. Do they enjoy being together purely because they like each other?No, they are together just because they expect to benefit from their relationship2. Translate this sentence只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment.1. What do young people care most when making friends?They care most about their own feelings, their own pleasure and whether there is an important opportunity at the present time.2. Translate this sentence.年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day.What can we infer from this sentence?Young peoples friendship is temporary, because the attitude they hold to friendship is always changing.Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect.1. What does this sentence imply?Perfect friendship exists only between people who are equally good.2. Translate this sentence只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的。It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form.Paraphrase this sentence.Love and friendship are mainly found between good people and the love and friendship are of the best qualityAnd no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust.1. How can two persons become real friends?Only when each has proved that he deserves the love of the other and thus has won the others trust.2. Translate this sentence.只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。He further defines “the good” as “those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions.” 1. What does the expression “have the courage of their convictions” mean?It means “be brave enough to say and act on what they think is right even though other people may not agree or approve.”2. Translate this sentence.他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁