高考英语要点归纳

英语句子结构（1）英语句子的基本结构判断下列句子类型： 1) We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people, most of whom are healthy._2) We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people, most of them healthy._3) We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people, for most of them are healthy._英语句子按句子结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句定义：英语中只由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫简单句。五种基本结构：1_ It is raining heavily. /My tooth aches. /The rain stopped. 2._They enjoy the play. / I met John in the street yesterday. 3._He is out. /Jenny is fine./ It looks like rain soon. 句型中系动词可分为：表状态的系动词：_表变化或结果的系动词：_4. _He bought her a watch. 句型转化_She showed me all her pictures. 句型转化_注意：双宾语一个指人（即间接宾语），另一个指物（即直接宾语）。一般间接宾语位于直接宾语的前面，有时它们也可交换位置，这是需要在间接宾语的前面加上介词_ 或_ 。 接to的动词有：bring ，give, hand, leave, lend, pass, return, send, show , tell , write 等。接for 的动词有：buy, get, make, pay 等。5._She found him a very clever student. I make it a rule to get up early in the morning. 注意：用作宾语补足语的通常有_、_、_、_等。当谓语动词为see, hear , watch, feel 等感官动词或者let, have , make 等使役动词时，如果不定式作宾语补足语，必须省略to。分析下列简单句的句子成分:1. They painted the door red. 2. Our hotel serves you breakfast in your room.3. She found it no use arguing with him over this matter.4. The book is said to have been translated into several languages.5. He was once again found wandering along the city street.并列句并列句就是由并列连词所连接起来的两个简单句。并列句分为:联合并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句和因果并列句。1. 联合并列句常由并列词and, when( and at that time), not onlybut also.等连接。Use your head, and youll find a way.2. 转折并列句常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接。I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.3. 选择并列句常由并列连词or, otherwise, eitheror,等连接。Either you leave this house or Ill call the police.4. 因果并列句由并列连词so, for, therefore 等连接。It was late, so we went home.5. 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or。可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉。如: Hurry up, and well be there in time.= If we hurry up, well be there in time.6. because和so; although, though和but 不能连用。单项填空1._many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A. Having been old B. Though he had been told C. He was told D. Having told2.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _ didnt help. A. he B. which C. she D. it3._,so Mary was very sad. A. Her mother was very ill B. Her mother being illC. Her mothers being ill D. Because her mother was ill4.-Sugar _ milk ? -Only milk, please, _I used to like sugar.A. and; and B. and; but C. or; and D. or; but5.It must have rained last night, _the road is wet.A. while B. or C. for D. because6.Hurry up, _well miss the train. A. and B. but C .for D. or7. I wrote a letter, _ I forgot to mail it. A. for B. but C. or D. while8. Please_ come in or go out; dont stand there in the doorway.A. neither B. and C. for D. either9. Why was Edison not able to hatch chickens _the hen could ?A. while B. when C. because D. unless10. The teacher came in, _the students stood up and said, Good morning, teacher. A. while B. and C. but D. for复合句复合句就是由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。常见的从句有：_、名词性从句（包括_、_、 _ 、_）、_等。从句部分一般都有引导词引导这个从句。如：As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (As 引导一个_从句)What he says doesnt suit what he does. (本句包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个_从句；what he does 是一个_从句)They will build a power station where there is plenty of rain. (where引导_) They will build a power station in the place where there is plenty of rain. (where引导_)I have no idea where they will build the power station. (where引导_从句)I was going to leave home when the telephone rang.(when用作_,表_关系)How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television? (when引导_)It was the sort of morning when everything goes wrong. (when引导_)When visiting London I like to travel by bus. (when引导_)It hasnt been decided when the power station will be built. (when引导_)英语句子结构（2）回头一望: 翻译如下句子：1. It is half a month since he was a League member._ 2. 我想见那个叫Wilson的人。（定语用三种方式表达）1) 用V-ing形式：_2)用V-ed形式：_3)用定语从句：_3.沉溺于享乐，他忘记了得来的一切不易。_4尽管写于古代，这本书对于今天的读者仍具吸引力。_5.那是我第一次被邀请去他的聚会。_I简单句根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一：（主谓） 基本句型二：（主系表） 基本句型三：（主谓宾） 基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补） 简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来，如五大基本句型： 1.主语+谓语，这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例： Things change.事物是变化的。 2.主语+连系动词+表语，这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，例： The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。 3.主语+谓语+宾语，这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例： We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。 4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语，这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例： He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。 5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补，这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语，例： I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。（形容词easy作补语） Ill let him go.我将让他去。（不定式go用作补语） 注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例：China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。（China and other countries并列主语）Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。试比较下列句子：简单句还是并列句？_Mr. Wang and I often work together and we help each other.II并列句 (compound sentence ) 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and, but, or, so等。如: I like thrillers and I like action movies，too. I like action movies but I dont like thrillers. Hurry up or youll be late. (快点，否则你要迟到了。) and, or和but都是连词，在句中连接两个或两个以上的并列成分。可连接两个词，两个短语，两个分句，但所连接的两个成分必须一致，绝不能一个是词，一个是句子。如:I like red and orange.He isnt my brother or my friend.I like playing football and swimming.并列句的口诀！ and 表示顺承 while表示对比 but/yet表示转折 for/so表示因果 or/either .or 表示选择 when和and/then表示时间 and/so/neither/nor表示并列 not only.but also/neither. nor表示递进III复合句复合句（Complex Sentence）由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。复合句可分为：1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）；He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday. This is the best film that I have ever seen.They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）；If you are not too tired, lets go out for a walk. He is absent today, because / for he is ill.3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）I am interested in what she is doing. It is because you eat too much.He made a promise that he would never come late.What caused the accident remains unknown.巩固练习一：分析下列简单句的结构1.The children are playing happily.。 2.The Greens enjoy living in China.3.He became a famous doctor. 4.The apple pie tastes really delicious.5.My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought_. 6.I passed him the salt. = I passed _7.We must keep our school clean. 8.She is always complaining 9.The price of bread has risen sharply10. They found the hall crowded with people 11. The cold kept me in bed for three days 12.Leaves turn yellow in the autumn 13.You should inform the manager and all the members of the company 14.The driver saved us a lot of trouble 15.We are going to sing some songs for our friends练习二、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 练习三：高考典型考例链接1.I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. _ good. (2006湖北卷)A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds2. I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (2006重庆卷) A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived3.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _ off at 18:20. (2006四川卷)A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken4. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made _ her duty to look after all the other peoples affairs in that town. (2006湖南卷) A. this B. that C. one D. it5. The mother felt herself _ cold and hands trembled as she read the letter from the battle field. (2006上海卷) A. grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown6. Start out right away, _youll miss the first train.A.and B. but C. or D. while （ 06/四川24）7. Mary ,_hereeverybody else, stay where you are.A .come B.comes C.to come D.coming （06/全国35）8. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter, _?A. do you B. can you C. will you D. shall we (06/全国II/7)9. Is your headache getting _? No, its worse.A. better B. bad C. less D. well (05/全国II/6)10.-What should I do with this passage ? -_the main idea of each paragraph.A.Finding out B.Found out C.Find out D. To find out （05/重庆/31）11. Sarah had her washing machine repaired the day before yesterday, _ she?A. had B. did C. hadnt D. didnt (06/广东/27)12. At the foot of the mountain _. A. a village lie B. lies a village C. does a village lie D. lying a village (06/四川/28)13. Its burning hot today, isnt it? Yes. _ yesterday.A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it (06/福建/34)14. Dont be discouraged. _things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.A.Taking B.To take C.Take D.Taken (03/春季上海34)15. _ be sent to work there? A. Who do you suggest B. Who do you suggest that shouldC. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should （02/上海/39）16. The flat belongs to my sister but she _ here any more.A. hasnt lived B.didnt live C.hadnt lived D.doesnt17.The dictionary still _ where I laid it a moment ago.A.lies B.lied C.laid D.lay18.Even the dog _ will lose his skills if you dont keep training him.A.well training B.well trained C.training well D.to train well19.Five people won the “Chinas Green figure” award, a title _ to ordinary people who contributed to environmental protection. A.being given B.is given C.given D.was given20.There has been a new building project _ to the whole project of our company.A. add B . to add C. adding D. added如何区分双宾语和复合宾语某些及物动词后面能跟双宾语（即：间接宾语直接宾语）或复合宾语（即：宾语宾语补足语），这两种宾语的形式虽然相似，但结构与意义却不同。那么如何区分双宾语和复合宾语呢？（1）从动词上区分。一些动词后面常跟双宾语，这类动词有give，show，bring，read，pass，lend，tell，leave，teach，write，buy，sing等。例如： The teacher gives each of them an eraser老师给他们每人一块橡皮。They teach us Chinese and we teach them English他们教我们汉语，我们教他们英语。The old man told us a story yesterday那位老人昨天给我们讲了一个故事。一些动词后面常跟复合宾语，这类动词有let，see，watch，hear，help，feel，keep，call，make，find，tell，ask，think，want等。例如： We must keep the classroom clean我们必须保持教室清洁。 He didnt let me go他不让我走。 They call the bird“Polly”他们叫这鸟“波利”。（2）从充当这两个成分的词的词性上来区分。在双宾语中，能充当间接宾语或是直接宾语的一般是名词或代词。而在复合宾语中，能充当宾语补足语成分的则较多，如名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）和分词（短语）。例如： She showed us（pron）a new TV set（n）（双宾语） He gave Tom（n） a piece of paper（n）（双宾语） We call him Lao Li（n）（复合宾语） Dont keep the light on（adv）（复合宾语） They must keep their hands behind their backs（介词短语）（复合宾语） I wont let you try again（不定式短语）（复合宾语） The other students in the class keep their eyes closed（过去分词）（复合宾语）（3）从构成宾语的间接宾语和直接宾语之间与构成复合宾语的宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系区分。在双宾语中，两个宾语间的关系比较松散，有的句子去掉其中一个宾语，句子仍然成立。双宾语一般表示“为谁（forsb）或给谁（to sb）”，即“及物动词间接宾语直接宾语”的结构可以改写为“及物动词直接宾语for sb或to sb”的结构。例如： Please show me your new bookPlease show yournew book to me请给我看看你的新书。 She bought me some tomatoesShe bought sometomatoes for me她给我买了一些西红柿。宾语和宾语补足语之间关系比较紧密，去掉其中一个成分，句子就不能成立或句意不完整。而且当名词、形容词、副词、介词短语作宾语补足语时，和宾语之间具有“主系表关系”；当不定式（短语）或分词（短语）作宾语补足语时，和宾语之间具有“主谓关系”。例如：We made Tom monitor（Tom is monitor） We will make our country more beautiful（Our countrywill be more beautiful） You should keep your dog in（Your dog should be in） I found him in Room 201（He was in Room 201） He makes us work ten hours a day（We work ten hoursa day） We heard her singing in the room（She was singing inthe room）虚拟语气（1）一、英语动词可带有三种不同的语气：_、_和_。1、陈述语气：陈述一个事实，或提出一个看法，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式。We are not ready./ Did it rain all day yesterday? / What a fine day it is!2、祈使语气：表示请求、邀请、命令、警告或劝告等。Be careful!/ Dont forget to close the window./ Open the door, please.3、虚拟语气：表示_If I were you, I should study English.We only wish we could help. If there ere no gravity, we should not be able to walk.二、虚拟语气主要用于含条件句的主从复合句中。条件句有两类，一类是_，一类是_。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。真实条件句中的谓语用_语气。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是_条件句。If he had seenyou yesterday, he would have asked you about it. （事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。）三、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法：从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反动词过去式(be 的过去式一般用were )_与过去事实相反_would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去式should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形1、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果If I were you, I should/would/could/might tell him the truth.If I knew German, I would read the letter to you.2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would/could/might have met the famous singer.翻译：如果你早听我劝的话，你就考试及格了。_.3、表示与将来的事实可能相反的假设和结果If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should/would/could/might go to see my grandmother.If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out.If it should rain, the crops would/could/might be saved.4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的事件不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应的调整。(错综虚拟条件句)If I had taken the doctors advice, I would be all right now.翻译：如果我是你，我昨天就去看电影了。_.四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用。1、主语从句：在 It is important/_/_/_+ that ”这类句型里，that 所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should )+ 动词原形”结构，表示某事“重要”、“奇怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意义。It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.在 “Its suggeted(_/_/_/_) +that”中也用虚拟语气。It has been decided that the sports meet(should) be put off till next month.It is suggested that the medicine (should) be sent there by plane.2、宾语从句：1） wish 后的宾语从句:表示不能实现的愿望，意为“_”。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用_。表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用_。 表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用_。I wish I knew the answer to the question. How I wish I had been to the moon!I wish you would come soon.2）insist, order, command, suggest,advise,propose,ask,demand,request,require后的宾语从句谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。可以用口诀的形式记忆，即：一个“主张”（insist）；两个“命令”（order,command）;三个“建议”（suggest,advise,propose）;四个“要求”（ask, demand,request,require）。I suggest that we (should) set off at once. He demanded that the work (should) be done immediately.3、同位语从句和表语从句：在表示_,_,_的名词suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, advice, order等后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”。Our advice is that you (should) be the first to go. I made a suggestion that we (should) send them a message.四、虚拟语气在让步、方式、目的状语从句中的运用1. 在含有even if / though 引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中Even if Lin Tao were here, I should say the same thing.Even though he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.2. 由as if 或 as though 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句的谓语形式为动词过去式(be 用were) 或 “had + 过去分词”He treats me as if I were his son.翻译：她说起这部电影就象真的看过一样。_.注：如果从句中的内容表示事实，仍用陈述语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.3. 在in order that 或 so that 引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用“could/might + 动词原形”They are climbing higher in order that they might/could get a better view.4.在in case, for fear (that), lest 等引导的从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示“以防，以免 ”, 从句谓语还可用情态动词may, might或would. He took his raincoat with himin case it should rain. She to