第五章 各种从句.doc

第五章 各种从句5.1句子成分句子主要有以下几种成分：1） 主语（subject） 是一句话的中心，整句话都在谈它的情况： my sister is a nurse. Her room is on the 5th floor.2） 谓语（predict） 是主语的主要情况，可以表示动作，也可以表示状态： she works in a hotel.(动作) she knows a little English.（状态）3） 宾语（object） 表示动作的承受者，也可以表示动作的结果：Everybody likes her. She is writing a letter now.4） 表语（predicative）和系动词一道构成谓语：she is conscientious girl.她是一个工作认真的女孩。5） 定语（attributive）修饰名词，代词等：Her hospital is not very big. But everyone in the hospital works hard.6） 状语（adverbial） 修饰动词，形容词或者副词：She goes to work very early. She feels very happy此外还有同位语（appositive）插入语（parenthesis）以及呼语（vocative）This is my sister Mary.Mary is good girl, they saySit down, Mary句子的类型1） 按照说话的目的分为四类：A 陈述句（statement）: 陈述一个事实，表示一个看法等：Beijing is the capital of ChinaShe may be right.B 问句（question）: 提出问题：Where are you from?C 祈使句（imperative）提出命令请求等。Dont be late again.Take a seat, please.D 感叹句（exclamation）表示赞美 惊异等情绪：What a nice view from the window!2）从结构上来区分又可以分为三类：a简单句如果一个句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只用单词或短语表示,它就是简单句。I live in the country.The teachers and students cheered at the news.简单句主要由五种基本句型构成，千千万万的句子变化可以看作是这五种基本句型的扩展、省略、组合和倒装。基本句型一：主语+谓语（不及物）The baby smiled.基本句型二：主语+（系）+表语。The students are on the playground.基本句型三：主语+谓语（及物）+宾语。I will help them.基本句型四：主语+谓语（及物）+间接宾语+直接宾语。He gave me a beautiful card.= He gave a beautiful card to me基本句型五：主语+谓语（及物）+宾语+宾补。We should paint the wall white.He made himself understood by using signatureI heard sb knockingI heard sb knock three times We found him a flat.We found him a good friend.We made li Yang a monitorb并列句把两个或两个以上互不依从的、由主谓结构组成的简单句连接起来，就构成一个并列句。Your composition is well written, but there is room for improvement.We must make greater efforts, or we will fall behind.He rarely stays in hotels, for he cant afford it.c复合句复合句包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构。其中一个主谓结构是全句的主体，表达一个主要思想，称作主句；另一个或几个主谓结构作为主句里的一个成分，表达一个或几个次要思想，称作从句。从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。其中，在复合句中起名词性作用的各种从句，统称为名词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。试分析下句When my mom explained my handicap, she told me I could accomplish anything I wanted to if I worked three times as hard as other people.5.3.1 主语从句1. 基本用法从句通常由以下关联词引导。从属连词（只起连接作用，在从句中不做成分）that, whether, if.连接副词（除起连接作用外，并在从句中做状语）：how, when, where, why。Whether it is true remains a question.What you are doing is very difficult.How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery.Whoever says that is wrong.主语从句在句中做主语，它的位置一般在句首；但主语从句较长时，为了使句子前后平衡，常把主语从句移到句子后面，而用it做形式主语，但what, whatever, whoever引导的主语从句除外。常见的使用it做形式主语的句型有以下四种。（1）It+be+表语（形容词）+that 从句。常见的形容词有：important, certain, clear, possible, strange, true等。It is obvious that money can not buy everything.It is necessary that the problem (should) be settled in some other way.（2）It+be+名词词组+that从句。常用的名词词组有：a pity, a shame, a fact, an honour, good news等。Its a pity that we cant go.It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.（3）It+be+过去分词+that 从句。常用的过去分词有：said, reported, hoped, believed, expected, decided等。It is said that hes got married.It has not been decided when the meeting is to be held.（4）It+seem(s)/ happen(s)+that从句。It happened that I wasnt there that day.It seems that no one has any objection to the idea.2. 考试重点由连接词that, whether引导的主语从句。连词that, whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不做成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句多用it做形式主语。 was unimportant.A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or notB. No matter how he enjoyed our dinnerC. If he enjoyed our dinnerD. What he enjoyed our dinner.aThat the earth is round is true. (It is true that the earth is round.)由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句。它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it 引导。 was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.A. WhatB. That C. WhichD. AsaWho let out the news remained unknown.When well start is not clear.以关系代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句。What有时可以用来表示the thing which的意思，引导从句时，它表示一样东西或一件事情。Who, whom, which, what可以和-ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，-ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。 I saw was two men crossing the street.A. WhatB. WhomC. WhoD. ThatA was not the way the event happened.A. Which the press reportedB. That the press reportedC. What did the press reportD. What the press reportedDIt is vital that enough money collected to get the project started.A. isB. beC. must beD. can beB此题测试的是虚拟语气的用法。形容词vital后面的连接主语从句的时候用虚拟语气should动词原形。No matter whatever happens, were determined to do our best and make the experiment a success. A B C DA句型It is desirable (suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent)+that+主语+should（可省略）+动词原形。Its urgent that a meeting before the final decision is made.A. will be arrangedB. must be arrangedC. be arrangedD. would be arrangedCIt is highly desirable that a new president for this university.A. is appointedB. will be appointedC. be appointed D. has been appointedC句型It is desirable (suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent)+that+主语+should（可省略）+动词原形（虚拟语气）。5.3.2 表语从句1基本用法在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词除和主语从句相同之处，还可以由because, as, as if, as though等引导。常用的系动词有：be, remain, become, look, get, seem等。This is what he wants.The reason was that he fell ill.It looks as if it is going to rain.2考试重点Suggestion, proposal等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句用should（可省略）+动词原形。The generals command was that the soldiers their fort and carry out more important tasks.A. would leaveB. leaveC. leftD. have leftHis proposal is that they (should) challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.533 宾语从句1 基本用法常用的宾语从句有以下四种类型。及物动词+宾语从句（用陈述句语序）。We can learn what we didnt know.Do you know why we have to put off our class meeting till next week?I doubt whether it is true.介词/分词/不定式/动名词+宾语从句。Success depends on whether we made enough effort.Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.形容词+宾语从句。常用的形容词有：sure, certain, glad, happy, sorry, afraid等。She is glad that he had done much for people.He is quite confident that hell pass the exam.形式宾语it+宾补+宾语从句。He thought it a pity that he missed the film.We think it quite right that all the people ought to obey the laws.2考试重点宾语从句用陈述语序。Can you tell me about the city that makes people love it so much?A. it is whatB. what it isC. what is it D. is it whatBNo one doubts it is true.A. whetherB. ifC. that D. whatC注意：I doubt whether/ if- 我怀疑-；I dont doubt that -我毫不怀疑-。I doubt whether he can speak English.I must tell you how a letter from you.A. pleased I was to receiveB. pleased I was to receivingC. was I pleased to receiveD. pleased I was receivingAWe consider the instrument be adjusted each time it is used.A. that it necessaryB. it necessary that C. necessary that D. necessary of it thatB介词后面的宾语从句。 The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware she had gone.A. where that B. of whereC. of the placeD. the place.1. my roommate came into the room and asked why was not I in class. I said that what I was waiting or a telephone call from 2. we looked back to see where we were and how far we were from the camp.3. whoever gossip to you that will gossip about you4. mother did not want any one of them hanging around Eileen, who was too young yet to know what a fool was she making of herself5. what please him, jack told me, was what he had make a slow gradual improvement over the past few months6. roger, whoever handles your case must know what are they doing: otherwise they may not only cost you time but also money7. in 10 years time, who knows what I will be doing?8. that surprised me was that ever nobody checked my ID car when I entered that in important building.9. whoever is a deep- down traitor often seems to be a loyalist10. once I realized how much time I was spending at work and how little was I enjoying life, I decided that things had to chang.BHe was a man of fine character in all points he was rather timid.A. in that B. except that C. for thatD. except forBSuggest, insist, order, demand等动词后接宾语从句，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。His mother insisted that he the coat when going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putting onAThe doctor advised that Mr. Malan an operation right away so as to save his life.A. hadB. would haveC. haveD. was going to haveCWe strongly suggest that Smith is told about his physical condition as soon as possible. A B C DB be told在下列情况下不能用if而用whether.后接不定式：He didnt tell me whether to go or stay.前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.后面接or not: I wonder whether Ill catch the last bus or not.534 同位语从句1基本用法1）同位语从句一般接在fact, idea, news, suggestion, hope, thought，belief，doubt, information, explanation, order, answer, decision, statement, truth, promise, opinion, rule, certainty,等有内容的名词后面，对前面的名词进行进一步的解释，说明名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句最常用的是连词that，但也可以用（which, what, who, when where , why 引导）The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.The news that well go on a picnic this Saturday isnt true.The news that he gave us made us happyThe reason why I plan to go is that she will be disappointed if I dont.They arose the question where we could get the loan.Nobody can explain the mystery why he suddenly disappeared.I have no idea what was happened to him.2） 在on condition that, on the supposition, on(the) ground(s), with the exception, in spite of the fact, on the understanding, on the assumption, 等后面可以跟同位语从句。I lent him the dictionary on condition that he would return it before Friday.They rejected the proposal on the ground that it was unpractical.The girl is always under the illusion that the prince will marry her some day.3)同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way. He got a message from Mr. Johnson that the manager could not see him that afternoon.4)同位语从句定语从句的区别A从语法角度看，定语从句中的that既可以代替先行词，同时又在从句当中充当某个成分；而同位语从句中的that是连词，只是起到连接主句和从句的作用，不充当句子当中的任何成分，that一般不可以省略。The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.(定语从句，that在从句当中作宾语)The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.（同位语从句，that在从句当中不做任何成分）B定语从句是形容词性的，其功能上是修饰先行词，对先行词是加以限定，描述它的性质和特征；同位语从句等同于先行词，是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明的The news that was spreading proved to be incorrect.The news that he was resigning his position proved to be incorrect.C。.从先行词的词性来看,同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词,也可以是代词。(1)There is no doubt that the price of wheat will go up.毫无疑问,小麦的价格将会上涨。(doubt为抽象名词,同位语从句) (2)Those who were against the plan raised their hands.那些反对这个计划的人举起了手。(Those为代词,定语从句)2考试重点同位语从句的基本用法：常跟在fact, idea, news等名词的后面，通常用连词that引导。Would the news he failed to pass the exam bother you?A. whichB. that C. of whichD. on whichbThe fact he does so in so short period of time challenges explanation.A. whyB. thatC. whatD. whichb如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion, proposal, requirement, Idea, recommendation,等名词的时候，谓语动词用should+原形动词。Should可以省略。 The dean approved of the requirement that every student a report on social investigation after summer vacation.A. handed in B. hand in C. must hand in D. ought to hand in B535 定语从句我们先看一下定语从句在句子中的位置。This is a great magazine.This is a magazine about natural science.This is the magazine which was sent to me by mail.在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫定语从句。定语从句由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that或关系副词when, where, why,等引导。一般来说，关系代词在从句中做主语、宾语，表语 或定语：关系副词做状语。还要请注意从句中的谓语动词要与中心词在人称和数上保持一致。1 基本用法关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that 等。 功能作用用于限制性定语从句或者非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句代替人代替物代替人或者物主语Whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语Whose(= of whom)Whose(=of which)Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30p.m.This is the boy (whom) we were looking for yesterday.Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages.The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important.Mrs Li is a widow whose husband was killed in the war.He is no longer the simple -minded man that he was five years ago.Jack imagined himself to be an artist, which he was not.That和which的区别。先行词为不定代词(all, everything, nothing, something, anything等)，或先行词被形容词(only, last some ,very)、序数词(first,second)所修饰时，关系代词只能用that不能用which。Is there anything (that) I can do for you?Thats all (that) I want to say.The first thing (that) we should do is to work out a plan.This is the most interesting story (that) I have read.关系代词的省略1） 作宾语可以省略。The man (whom) you saw just now is our manager.Who was the woman (that) you were talking with?2) 在 there+be 结构的从句当中作主语关系代词可以省略。This is only bus ( that) there is to that park.The old professor made full use of the time(that) there was left to him to continue his research in the field of electronics.Note:1) 关系代词放在介词后作宾语不可以省略。但是如果介词位于句尾的话，关系代词可以省略。This is the girl with (whom) he worked.(X) (whom 不可以省略)This is the girl (whom) he worked with.（V）2） who或whom的先行词有时可以省略。Who eats must pay(=he who, anyone who)Who marries a beauty marries trouble.(=those who)关系副词：when, where, why等。关系副词被代替的先行词在从句中的作用When(=at, in, on, during, which)表示时间的名词时间状语Where(=in, at which)表示会地点的状语地点状语Why(for which)只有reason原因状语Ill never forget the day when (/on which) I first came to Beijing.The booksore where(/in which) his sister works is the largest one in NanjingDo you know the reason why(/for which) he was so happy?难点 重点判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错AThis is the mountain village where I visited last year. （ ） BThis is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （ ）CI will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （ ）DIll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. （ ）A (x) B () C(x) D()习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、表、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on which D. the one2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。The old lady died on the day when her son arrived 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句对被修饰的名词进行附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。有一定的独立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容相对地不够具体。这时从句与主句之间常用逗号分开，所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同，但不能用关系代词that引导。1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的差异比较名称意义结构要求功能引导词译法限制性定语从句起限定作用，指特定的人或事，否则原句句意不完整紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不见逗号。修饰先行词关系代词/关系副词或者that(作宾语可以省略)一般译为定语从句非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，若省略掉，原句的句意也是完整的用逗号和主句隔开修饰先行词或者整个主句只用关系代词关系副词，不用that可以翻译为并列句She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.The clock struck thirteen, which made everyone laugh.Once more I was in New York, where I have not been for ten years.难点 由介词+关系代词引出的定语从句。关系代词which, whom, whose, that 和who可以和介词连用引导定语从句1) prep+ which 有以下四种表示方式This is the hotelabout which we wrote to you.(用于正式文体)which we wrote to you about.that we wrote to you about.(介词不可以放在他that前)we wrote to you about.Note：a介词为从句中的短语动词一部分时候，不能前置。Your inefficiency, which we have put up with far too long, is beginning to annoy our customers.(put up with 为动词短语，with不可以前置) b介词短语不受动词制约的时候，介词通常置于关系代词前In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.That was the business meeting during which I listened carefully and kept taking notes.2) prep+ whom 有以下五种表达方式Do you know the tourist authoritiesto whom the tourists will complain? （用于正式文体）whom the tourists will complain to?who the tourists will complain to? 介词（to不可以放在who前）that the tourists will complain to?(介词to不可以放在that前)the tourist will complain to?3) prep.+whose+n.两种表达方式This is the landlord whose house I have lived in for three years.in whose house I have lived for five years.4)由名词（代词）+介词+关系代词引出的定语从句。(n./pron.+ prep.+ which/whom)There are 8 planets in the solar system, some of which are much larger than our earth.There are some new terms in the article, the meaning