论唐都长安的粮食供应.doc

论唐都长安的粮食供应中文唐代都城长安，是全国的政治、经济、军事和文化中心。中央政府及其隶属机构的高度集中导致国都城市各种服务人口的高度密集,形成了一个庞大的消费群体。这样的群体，对粮食的需求是可想而知的。因此，对唐都长安粮食供需状况及其演变的研究，不仅仅是一个史学和历史地理学关注的学术问题，也能为现实的政治经济活动提供借鉴意义。全文分为五个论文部分：第一部分：唐都长安对粮食的需求。唐代长安城的人口众多，前后存在明显的波动。唐代前期长安有居民50万左右，中期增加到90万，后期又减少到70万人。由此计算，唐前期长安城总需粮食约390万石，其中长安政府就需要粮食263万石。唐中期长安总需粮食737万石，长安中央政府耗去400万石。唐后期长安居民需要粮食517万石，长安政府的粮食需求量也达到274万石。第二部分：全国各地对长安的粮食供应。唐都长安所需的巨额粮食，除来自关中地区外，还来自华北、江淮以及其它一些地区。唐代长安所需粮食主要来自关中。华北地区对长安的粮食输入明显分为两个阶段：安史之乱前，华北地区是输入长安的主要粮食供应地；安史之乱后，华北地区输往长安的粮食急剧减少，有时甚至完全停运。江淮地区在唐前期漕运粮食进京较少，武则天统治时期漕运入京的数量随之增多，安史之乱后，江淮地区成了上供京师的主要粮食供应地。此外，巴蜀、河西与岭南地区也曾运粮到关中。第三部分：长安粮食的供需矛盾及其变化。唐代长安人口繁多，粮食需求量大，即使有全国各地往长安输送粮食，但仍然很难满足长安居民的粮食需求。唐代前期的长安用粮大多数年份处于供不应求的局面。唐初十余年间，京师长安的粮食严重匮乏；贞观五六年后到高宗麟德年间，京师长安的粮食供应稍微好转；唐高宗乾封元年至睿宗延和元年，社会粮荒再度发生。唐代中期长安的粮食供需总体上较唐代前期要好。唐玄宗开元前期长安的粮食供需基本上趋于平衡，开元末年至天宝时期的20余年间，长安的粮食供给达到前所未有的盛况，供大于求，安史之乱时期结束了此前的良好局势。安史之乱后的140多年间，长安一直处于缺粮境地，且粮食供需矛盾愈来愈严重，对唐后期历史产生了深刻的影响。第四部分：影响长安粮食供应的主要因素。影响长安的粮食供应量的因素是非常复杂的，归纳起来就是自然灾害和战争动乱的影响。水旱灾害和其它自然灾害对粮食生产有着直接而广泛的影响。各种自然灾害频发，致使饥年时有发生。战争和动乱也严重影响着长安粮食供应，破坏粮食的生产供给，影响粮食的正常流通，造成供粮困难。第五部分：唐王朝解决长安粮食供需矛盾的措施。为尽可能满足长安的粮食需求，缓解粮食的供需矛盾，唐政府采取了一些措施，主要有两种：一是大力发展关中地区经济以提高关中的粮食供应量，二是加大漕运的力度。此外，也有其它的一些应急办法。结果在很大程度上缓解了长安粮食的供需矛盾。今天我国定都北京，商业、陆路以及铁路运输已今非昔比，京师粮食供应问题不复存在，但做好首都北京的粮食储备意义一样重大。对唐都长安的粮食供需研究，对今天的政治经济建设仍有理论启示和借鉴意义。译文Changan is the countrywide political, economy, military and cultural centre in Tang Dynasty. The central government and their subordinate organization are concentrated there ,which leading to various service population concentrated and forming an ample consumption group. Such a group , the need to grain are imaginable. Therefore, Studying on the grain supply and demand situation in Changan is not only the learning problem what a science of history and historical geography pays close attention to, also can provide to real politics economic activity.Full text has five parts: Part I: The demand to grain in Changan in Tang Dynasty. In Changan,there are many people and obvious fluctuation in early and later stage. There is 500,000 resident or so in Changan in early Tang Dynasty, increasing to 900,000 in Mid Tang and decreasing to 700,000 in later stage of Tang Dynasty. From this, Changan needs grain about 3,900,000 dan the early Tang Dynasty,including Changan government needs grain 2,630,000 dan. In Mid Tang, Changan needs grain 7,370,000 dan, including the central government consumes 4,000,000 stone. Changan needs 5,170,000 dan of grain approximately in the later stage of Tang Dynasty, and Changan government also need 2,740,000 dan.Part II: The grain supply in Changan are from all parts of the country. The huge sum grain that the Changan needed comes from Guan Zhong area,North China, Yangtzi-Huai area and other area.In Tang Dynasty,Changans grain mainly comes from Guan Zhong area.Before An-shi Rebellion, North China is the main area where importing grain to Changan; after An-shi Rebellion,there conveys the rapid decrease of the Changan grain,even completes off-the-line in the sometimes. Transportation of Grain to Changan by Water in Yangtzi-Huai area has only a little in early Tang Dynasty, it increases in WU Ze-tians political period and becomes the main area supply grain to Changan. Besides,the grain that the Changan needed comes from Ba shu,He xi and Lingnan area. Part III:The grain supply and demand contradictions in Changan. The grain need is numerous in Changan,so it is difficult to be satisfied . In the early Tang Dynasty,the grain demand in Changan exceeds supply aspect. In the first ten years, Changans grain is deficient gravely; on the Gao-zongs Linde period, the grain supply takes a turn for the better;on the Tang Gao-zongs Qianfeng period, grain-shortage occurs again. In Mid Tang, Changans grain supply is better than the early stage. On the Tang Xuan-zongs kaiyuan period, the grain supply and demand tends to balance unprecedentedly. It ended during the An-shi Rebellion.Since the An-shi Rebellion, Changans resident always live in incomplete grain condition, the grain imbalance between supply and demand becomes graver and graver, it has produced deep effect to the later stageof Tang.Part IV: The major factor that affect the grain supply of Changan. Natural calamities and war turmoil are the mainly factor. The water and drought disaster and other natural calamities produce direct and broad effect to the grain supply,its cause the starving year to frequently occur. War and the turmoil also affect Changan provisionment gravely , destroying grains supplying, circulating and bringing to grain supply difficulty.Part V: The measure that the Tang dynasty take to resolve the grain supply and demand contradictions.In order to satisfy the Changans grain need as far as possible,the Tang government has mainly adopted two kinds of measure: Developing the Guan Zhongs economy to improve the provisionment amounts, strengthening the transportion of grain by water to the capital.Its has relieved Changan grain imbalance between supply and demand to a great extent.Today, Beijing is our countrys capital, commerce,land route and railage already ar