职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选.doc

2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(1)teamwork in tourismgrowing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. government bureaus, trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. they have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and _(1)_. they distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. they offer familiarization and workshop tours _(2)_.tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. in this way agents learn _(3)_ and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel - planes; ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car perties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, _(4)_, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.the same confidence exists between agencies and carriers, _(5)_. carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. all services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.a including car-rental and sight-seeing services.b so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.c in preparing effective advertising campaignsd as a result tourism is flouring in all countriese hotels rely upon agenciesf to explain destinationskeys: cbfea2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(2)death control a very important world problem-in fact, i am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems_(1) _-is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources.this enormous increase of population will create immense problems. by 2000 a.d., unless something desperate happens, there will be as many as 7,000,000,000 people on the surface of the earth! so this is a problem which you are going to see in your lifetime why is this enormous increase in population taking place? it is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of _ (2)_. you have heard of birth control? death control is something rather different. death control recognizes the work of the doctors and the nurses and the hospitals and the health services in keeping alive people who,_(3)_, would have died of some of the incredibly serious killing diseases , as they used to do. squalid conditions, which we can remedy by an improved standard of living, caused a lot of disease and dirt. medical examinations at school catch diseases early and ensure healthier school children. scientists are at work stamping out malaria and other more deadly diseases. if you are seriously ill there is an ambulance to take you to a modern hospital. medical care helps _(4)_. we used to think seventy was a good age; now eighty, ninety, it may be , are coming to be recognized as a normal age for human beings. people are living longer because of this death control, and _(5)_, so the population of the world is shooting up.练习：a fewer children are dyingb a few years agoc what is coming to be called death controld which face us at the present timee making it possible for people to live longerf to keep people alive longerkeys: dcbfa2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(3)ludwig van beethovenludwig van beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness.born in bonn, germany, in 1770, be first studied music with the court organist, gilles van der eeden. his father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. when his mother died, beethoven, _(1)_, was named guardian of his two younger brothers. appointed deputy court organist to christian gottlob neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. in 1792 he was sent to vienna by his patron, count ferdinand waldstein, to study music under haydn.beethoven remained unmarried. because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, _(2)_. continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819.in spited of this handicap, _(3)_. he completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonata, four string quartets, the missa solemnis, and the 9th symphony. he died in 1827. his life was marked _(4)_.noting that beethoven often flew into fits of rage, goethe once said of him, i am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality. although beethovens personality _(5)_, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.a however, he continued to write musicb he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult lifec by a passionate dedication to independenced then a young mane may have been untamedf his music has been loved over the past centurieskeys: dbace2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(4)tests show women suited for space travel between 1977 and 1981, three groups of american woman, _(1)_, between the age of 35 and 65, were given month-long tests to determine how they would respond to conditions resembling those aboard the space shuttle.though _(2)_, the women were volunteers and the pay was barely above the minimum wage. they were not allowed _(3)_ during the tests, and they were expected to tolerate each others company at close quarters for the entire period. among other things they had to stand pressure three times the force of gravity and carry out both physical and mental tasks _(4)_. at the end of ten days, they had to spend a further twenty days absolutely confined to bed, during which time they suffered backaches and other discomforts, and when they were finally allowed up, the more physically active women were especially subject to pains due to a slight calcium loss.results of the tests suggest that women will have significant advantages over men in space. they need less food and les oxygen and they stand up to radiation better. mens advantages _(5)_, meanwhile, are virtually wiped out by the zero-gravity condition in space.exercise:a) to smoke or drink alcoholb) carefully selected from among many applicantsc) numbering 27 in alld) in terms of strength and staminae) those who are physically strongerf) while exhausted from strenuous physical exercisekey:c b a f d2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(5)the importance of agriculture in china the development of agriculture and the balance between food and population are chinas fundamental economic problems. the classical histories praise emperors for devotion to agriculture and much of chinas modern history is _(1)_, which has been growing steadily.today, although agriculture accounts for only a quarter of the gross national product, it is still the main determinant of the standard of living and the principal occupation of at least 70 percent of population.agriculture also _(2)_ because industry needs both agricultural raw materials and food for its work force. the failure of agriculture to supply raw material and food halted and later reversed the industrial progress of the 1950s, after 1960 new emphasis was placed on agriculture, and the slogan agriculture is the foundation of the economy has remained a central chinese economic policy ever since._(3)_, there is an indirect link due to the relationship between agriculture and foreign trade. many of chinas exports are _(4)_ or consumer goods based on them. flourishing agriculture, therefore, promotes exports. it also reduces the need to spend foreign exchange on imports of grain and cotton, therefore _(5)_.练习：a determines the progress of industryb the story of the unfolding struggle to feed a peasant populationc either agricultural raw materialsd enlarging the capacity of the economy to import machinery and commodities for industrye in addition to the direct links between agriculture and industryf thus promoting both import and exportkey : b a f c d2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(6)development in newspaper organizationone of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century _(1)_, which are known as wire services. wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. the papers paid an annual fee for this service. wire services continue _(2)_. today the major wire services are the associated press (ap) and united press international (upi). you will frequently find ap or upi at the beginning of a news story.newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. a chain consists of two or more newspapers _(3)_. a merger involves combining two or more papers into one. during the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and _(4)_. often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. papers have combined _(5)_. chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.a. to play an important role in newspaper operationsb. was the growth of telegraph servicesc. and they usually enjoy great prestiged. they are usually operated by a single ownere. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costsf. owned by a single person or organizationkey: bafde2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(7)the building of the pyramidsthe oldest stone buildings in the world are the pyramids. they have stood for nearly 5,000 years, and it seems like that _(1)_. there are over eighty of them scattered along the banks of the nile, some of which are different in shape from the true pyramids. the most famous of these are the step pyramid and the bent pyramid.some of the pyramids still look much the same as they must have done when they were built thousands of years ago. most of the damage suffered by the others has been at the hands of men who were looking for treasure or, more often, _(2)_. the dry climate of egypt has helped to preserve the pyramids, and their very shape _(3)_. these are good reasons why they can still be seen today, but perhaps the most important is that they were planned to last for ever.it is practically certain that plans were made for the building of the pyramids_(4)_. however, there are no writings or pictures to show us how the egyptians planned or built the pyramids themselves. consequently, we are only able to guess at the methods used. nevertheless, by examining the actual pyramids and various tools which have been found, archaeologists have formed a fairly clear picture of them.one thing is certain: there must have been months of careful planning_(5)_. the first thing they had to do was to choose a suitable place. you may think this would have been easy with miles and miles of empty desert around, but a pyramid could not be built just anywhere. certain rules had to be followed, and certain problems had to b overcome.exercise:a for stone to use in modern buildingsb has made them less likely to fall into ruinc before they could begin to buildd because the plans of other large works have fortunately been preservede while building the pyramidsf they will continue to stand for thousands of years yetkey:fabdc2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(8)einstein named person of centuryalbert einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as person of the century by time magazine on sunday.a man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, einstein has come to represent_(1)_the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.the world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. the reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies_(2)_, wrote theoretical physicist stephen hawking in a time essay explaining einsteins significance. clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than albert einstein.time chose as runner-up president franklin roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and mahatma gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.what we saw franklin roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedoms fight against totalitarianism, gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances_(3)_, said time magazine editor walter isaacson.einstein was born in ulm, germany in 1879. in his early years, einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. he was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. he could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.in1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. in his special theory of relativity, einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light. everything else-mass, weight, space, even time itself-is a variable. and he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared-e=mc2.indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics, isaacson wrote in an essay_(4)_. there was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality.einsteins famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. in1939, six years after he fled european fascism and settled at princeton university, einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to president roosevelt urging the united states to develop an atomic bomb before nazi germany did. roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the manhattan project_(5)_. einstein did not work on the project.einstein died in princeton, new jersey in 1955.a.explaining times choicesb. how he thought of the relativity theoryc. more than any other persond. that secretly developed the first atomic weapone. that flowed directly from advances in basic sciencef. that helped expand the growth of freedomkey: cefad2010年职称英语卫生补全短文习题精选(9)supermarketsupermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines, that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. as a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. the supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise, _(1)_.the term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. most supermarkets emphasize price. some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital.supermarkets originates in the early 1930s. they were established by independents _(2)_. supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. in recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins.today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. however, different names are used to distinguish these institutions _(3)_:a superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. it offers more grocery and nonfood items _(4)_. many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new bination stores are usually even larger than superstore. they, too, offer more groceries and nonfoods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as kroger and sav-on.for many years the supermarket has been under attack from numerous competitors. for example, a grocery shopper can choose among not only many brands of supermarkets but also various types of institutions (warehouse stores, gourmet shops, meat and fish markets, and convenience stores). supermarkets have reacted to competitive pressures _(5)_: some cut costs and stressed low prices by offering more private brands and generic products and few customer services. others expanded their store size and assortments by adding more nonfood lines (especially products found in drugstores), groceries attuned to a particular market area (foods that appeal to a specific ethnic group, for example), and various service departments (including vide