人本主义.doc

人本主义历史（origins and history） Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to the limitations of Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory and B.F. Skinners behaviorism.1 With its roots running from Socrates through the Renaissance, this approach emphasizes individuals inherent drive towards self-actualization, the process of realizing and expressing ones own capabilities, and creativity.人本主义心理学的起源有很多方面，但主要来自两个领域。一是欧洲影响广泛的存在主义哲学，一是美国心理学家卡尔罗杰斯和亚拉伯罕马斯洛的研究。不少治疗师如罗杰斯、马斯洛等，都认为精神分析学派过于强调病态的行为和过于以决定论作为人的价值基础，缺乏了对行为的意义、正面的成长和发展的探索，因此决意创立一个全新的心理学取向，藉以强调正向的心理发展和个人成长的价值。同时又加入了存在主义的哲学思想，强调自由、个人决定的价值和人生的意义。存在主义哲学的问世已有几百年，尽管它艰深难懂，特别是没有共同认可的关于存在主义哲学的定义，但它提出了许多问题，例如人存在的意义、自由意志的作用和人的唯一性等，后来成为人本主义心理学的理论基础。调查方法（methods of investigation）观察法Observation method实验法The experimental method of调查法Survey method测验法Test method人本主义实践与应用（practical applications）1.在心理治疗领域的应用Application of this theory in the field of psychotherapy is mainly embodied humanistic psychotherapy is mainly embodied . This is a new psychological therapy and its guiding ideology is humanistic psychology. 人本主义理论在心理治疗领域的应用主要体现为人本主义心理疗法，这是一种新型心理疗法，其指导思想是人本主义心理学。One of the most effective and representative appllication of this is humanism. 其中最有效且最具代表性的是人本主义疗法2 Application in the field of management2.在管理领域的应用First, respect for the individual, to emphasize self realization, advocated in the simplest way, on human labor, life and living way of appropriate management, that appropriate management is a kind of ideal or revolutionary techniques. 首先，尊重个人，强调自我实现，主张以最简单的方式，对人类劳动、生活和谋生的方式进行合适的管理，认为合适的管理是一种理想化的或革命性的技巧。Secondly,promote health management andcollaborative management,to modifyin largeorganizationshave played a role inthe Compliance behavior, so that people in a company to maintain its own personality, work is not to be a kind of work, and become their favorite entertainment. 其次，推进健康管理和协同管理，要修改在大型组织里一直在起作用的那种顺从性的行为，让人们在一个公司里保持自己的个性，使工作不成为一种工作，而成为自己喜欢的娱乐。Third, praised the cooperation, advocated a person in pursuit of their own interests, but also automatically to help others; dedication to help others, and also the need of self benefit. 第三，盛赞协同，主张一个追求自身利益的人，同时也自动地帮助了别人；无私奉献帮助他人的人，同时也得到自我需要的好处。Finally,donturgegives powerto for powerandthose who seek power.最后，极力主张不要将权力赋予给“为得到权力而追求权力的人”。3 application in Education3.在教育领域的应用Autonomy自主性Individuallearning isinitiated(notpassively wait forstimulation) 学习是个人主动发起的（不是被动地等待刺激）Overall全面性Overall personalcommitment to studynot onlyrelates tocognition,emotion,behavior,personalityalso involvesetc. 个人对学习的整体投入不仅涉及认知方面，还涉及情感、行为、个性等方面。Permeability渗透性Learning is not only theimpactofcognitive domains,andeffect on thebehavior,attitude,emotionand other aspects. 学习不单是对认知领域产生影响，而且对行为、态度、情感等多方面发生作用。人本主义假设（assumptions）1、要了解一个人，必需了解他对现实的独有观点。To understand a person, it is necessary to understand his unique view of reality.2、人性本善，并且有自我实现的动力Human nature is good,andhas the powerof self actualization3、人应该对其行为负责People should be responsible for their behavior人本主义研究领域（areas of explanation）1、 人本主义心理学具有强烈的现象学倾向，他们强调人的主观体验，对人主观世界的心理内容有强烈的兴趣，且超越了当代心理学家的逻辑实证主义倾向。但是，不应当因人本心理学关心人的主观性就认为它否认科学研究的精确性Humanistic psychology has a strong tendency of phenomenology, they emphasize the subjective experience, subjective world of mental content to the person with a strong interest in, and beyond the logical positivism tendency of contemporary psychologists. However, should not be because of humanistic psychology concerned with human subjectivity thought it deny the accuracy of scientific research。2、 人本主义心理学坚持人类本质的同意与发展。在这方面它吸收了格式塔心理学的优点并对其进一步深化Humanistic psychology insists on the consent of the human nature and development. In this respect it has absorbed the advantages of gestalt psychology and the further deepening。3、 人本主义心理学在承认人发展限制的同时，认为人类有一种不可缺少的自由选择和自主倾向，人能够努力克服自身条件的限制Humanistic psychology as well as the limitation of the development of recognition that humans have a kind of indispensable freedom of choice and independent tendency, one can try to overcome their own limitations。4、 人本主义心理学反对心理学中的还原论，主张按照意识的本来面貌来看待意识经验，反对像精神分析那样把意识自我贬低为无意识本我所驱使的“奴仆”，也反对行为主义把意识自我看成是行为的副产品。Humanistic psychology against psychology of reductionism, advocated to view consciousness experience, according to the natural consciousness against like psychoanalysis self-deprecation consciousness as the unconscious driven by this I slave, also opposed to the behavioral consciousness of self as a by-product of behavior.5、 人本主义心理学相信不可能对人性进行穷尽的解释，人的人格有无限发展的可能性，人有实现自己潜能、不断超越自我的能力。Humanistic psychology believe impossible for end of interpretation of the human nature, peoples personality have unlimited possibilities of development, people has the ability to achieve their potential, and constantly transcend self.人本主义优点（strength）1. Rogers people-centric learning theory tries to put the cognitive and emotional one, in order to cultivate a complete person.罗杰斯的以人为中心学习理论试图把认知和情感合二为一，以便培养出完整的人。2. Rogers emphasized the importance of students learning internal motivation, saw the students in the learning initiative and enthusiasm.罗杰斯强调学生学习内部动机的重要性，看到了学生在学习中的主动性和积极性。3. And from knowledge to the personality.从重视知识到重人格。4. From the emphasis on objective explicit behavior to the inner world. Emphasize the internal factors such as feeling, belief, value of decisive significance.从重视客观外显的行为到重视内在的世界。强调感受、信念、价值等内在因素的决定性意义。5.From pure value experience at the same time stress the significance of experience of personal knowledge.从单纯看重知识经验到同时重视经验对个人的意义。6.From the focus on the relationship between human and environment to focus on the interpersonal relationship.从关注人与环境的关系到关注人与人的关系。人本主义缺点（weaknesses）1理论体系不够严谨，缺乏对基本观点的明确目标和充分论证，一些概念也描述得很模糊。Theoretical system is not precise enough, the lack of clear objectives and basic concepts of full argument, some of the concepts described in very v