Lecture 11 The Restoration and the 18th century演示文稿.ppt

The18thCentury TheRestorationofCharlesIIin1660ThepublicationofLyricalBalladsin1798AlexanderPopeSamuelJohnsonAgeofproseTheriseoftherealisticnovel Defoe Swift Richardson Fielding Goldsmith Sterne Dramatist SheridanTheriseofPre Romanticismatthelastyearsofthe18thcentury ThomasGray RobertBurns WilliamBlake ChapterI Political socialandculturalBackground I The18thCenturyEnglandComplacency stablesocialorder TheageofreasonWatchword commonsenseDesireforperfectform TheNeoclassicAge form order reason 1 TheGloriousRevolution1688 1 MaryandWilliamofOrange JointreignofEngland 16882 TheestablishmentofConstitutionalMonarchy 3 Monarchybecameacompromisebetweenthebourgeoisieandthearistocrats 2 Religiousconflicts 1 Religiousconflict notintenseasbefore Protestant RomanCatholic AnglicanChurch TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalismbyMaxWeber 2 PredominantlyProtestantnation 3 Deisminthelate17thcentury AlexanderPope 3 ExpansionoftheBritishEmpire 1 DefeatingHolland Englandbecameanationwithapowerfulnavy Besides EnglandfoughtmanywarswithFrance Spain etc InthosewarsEnglandroseasavictormakingitthestrongestcountryinnavyandeconomyandconsiderablystretchingitsoccupiedlandoverseesextendingfromthewestofCanadatotheeastofIndia 2 ThroughActofUnionof1707 EnglandwastransformedintoGreatBritain 4 TheIndustrialRevolution 1 Newton sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitationandmotionin1678 2 JamesWatt sinventionofsteamenginein1769 3 otherinventionsoftextilemachinesandmachinery 4 Aboutthemiddleofthe18thcentury alltheseledtotheIndustrialRevolution 5 rapidgrowthofindustryandcommerce 6 enclosuremovementinthecountryside Morelandlesspeasantsflewintothecity offeringalargemassoflaborpowerforthedevelopmentofcapitalism 5 Two PartyPolitics 1 TheToryandtheWhig2 TheTory conservativeparty defendingthekingship theoldtraditionsandthenoblecountryfamilies 3 TheWhig liberalparty alliedwiththearistocratsandmerchants soughttoincreasethepowersoftheParliamentandtoadvancecommerceandeducation 6 ConnectionBetweenPoliticsandLiterature 1 Literatureandpoliticswerecloselyconnectedinthe18thcentury 2 Politicalwritings theriseofthepoliticalpartiesledtotheappearanceofpamphletwarsofpoliticalwritingsattractingmanywriterstoworkforeitherofthepartiesorbothalternatively 3 Mostofthemajorwriters fromDrydentoDr Johnson includingSwiftandPope wereToryinspirit 7 TheAmericanWarofIndependenceandtheFrenchRevolution TheAmericanWarofIndependence 1775 1783 Theenlightenmentthinkersbelievedintherightoftheindividual andclaimedthatsocietyshouldemergeanddevelopastheresultofasocialcontractamongtheindividualsinsteadofarbitraryrulersbybirth SuchideashelpedcreatetheintellectualframeworkfortheAmericanWarofIndependencein1776 TheFrenchRevolution 1789 1794 Exertedfar reachinginfluenceuponmen sthoughtsandtheliteratureofRomanticmovement II EnlightenmentandItsEffectuponEnglishLiterature TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementfromthe1680sto1789 whichadvocatedreasonastheprimarybasisofauthority DevelopinginFrance BritainandGermany itssphereofinfluenceincludedthewholeEurope FrancewherethereweresuchgiantsasMontesquieu Diderot VoltaireandRousseau writingontheeveoftheFrenchRevolutionin1789 Theenlightenmentwas onthewhole anexpressionofthestruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality stagnation prejudicesandotherfeudalsurvivals TheEnlightenmentinEnglandwasdifferentfromthatinotherEuropeancountries Appearedinanepochnotprecedingbutafterthebourgeoisrevolution Theydidnotcallforthelaunchingofarevolutionbuturgedthecarryingonoftherevolutiontosystem atthefoundationofwhichwasthecompromisebetweentheupperstrataoftheoldrulingclassthearistocratsandupperstrataofthenewrulingclassthebourgeoisie Theenlightenersconsideredthechiefmeansforthebettermentofthesocietywas enlightenment or education forthepeople Theybelievedinthepowerofreason Reasonservedastheyardstickforthemeasureofallhumanactivitiesandsocialrelations Superstitionandinjustice Privilegeandoppressionweretoyieldplaceto eternaltruth eternaljustice naturalequalityandinalienablesightofman Butthisrightofreasonisnothingotherthantheidealizedreignofthebourgeoisie Mostoftheenlightenmentthinkersbelievedthatsocialproblemsshouldbesolvedwithhumanintelligence Mostoftheimportantwritersofthe18thcenturybelongedtotheenlightenment III Neoclassicism 1 Neoclassicism thedominantliterarytheoryofthelate17thandearly18thcenturyinEngland 2 Meaning neoclassicalwritersmodeledthemselvesonclassicalGreekandLatinauthorslikeHomer Virgil Horace Ovid andinthecomtemporarywritersasVoltaireandDiderotinordertoachieveperfectforminliterature Theyputstressontheclassicalartisticidealsoforder logic proportion restrainedemotion accuracy goodtasteanddecorum Theysetlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature forexample proseshouldbeprecise direct smoothandflexible poetryshouldbelyrical epical didactic satiricordramatic dramashouldbewritteninheroiccouplets thethreeunitiesoftime spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved 3 Thegeneraltendencyofneoclassicalliteraturewastolookatsocialandpoliticallifecritically toemphasizeintellectratherthanimagination theformratherthanthecontentofasentence 4 EnglishneoclassicismwasinitiatedbyDryden culminatedinPopeandcontinuedbyJohnson ChieffeaturesofNeoclassicalLiterature 1 Theneoclassicwritersmanifestedastrongtraditionalism showingimmenserespectforclassicalwriters 2 Theybelievedthatliteraturewasprimarilyanart whichmustbeperfectedbylongstudyandpractice Horace sTheArtofPoetry 3 Theyregardedpoetryasimitationofhumanlife amirroruptonature Artforhumanity ssakewastheidealofneoclassichumanism 4 Theneoclassicsbelievedthatthepoetisthemaker themakeroftherepresentativeimagesofhumanactionsandoftheworld andthepurposeforwhichhemakesthisimageoflifeistoteach didactic satiricalandartificial 5 Theneoclassicsdeducedrulesfromthepracticeofearlymastersandinventednewrulesoftheirown Indrama threeunitiesoftime placeandaction Inpoetry theagewasfamousforitsclosedheroiccouplet 6 TheneoclassicpoetrydiffersfromthatoftheElizabethanAge theclimaxofRenaissance inthreeaspects MoreformalMoreartificialHeroiccouplet ratherthevarietyformoftheformerage IV TheLiterarylifeoftheperiod CoffeehousesofLondon informalmeetingplacesformenofallclasses Influentialelementamongthereadingpublic ClubsplayedanimportantroleinEnglishmasculinesociety Ladies salons mid18thcentury TheAugustanAge 1700 1745 TheAgeofPope AugustanAge 1 aperiodofsocialstabilityandpeaceafterthecivilwar 2 waspreferredbythecontemporariesofPope Swift AddisonandSteelebecausetheythoughttheywereaccomplishingforthegloryofEnglandwhatVirgilandHoracehadaccomplishedduringthereignofRomanemperorAugustanCaesar 1 TheculminationofNeoclassicism FromthedeathofDrydenin1700tothedeathofPopein1744andofSwiftin1745 neoclassicismachieveditsgreatesttriumphChieflyliteratureofwit concernedwithcivilization ProsewritingComedyofmannerstosentimentalcomedyDeclineofdrama 2 ThefloweringofthePeriodicalliterature 1 coffeehouses2 popularpress newspapersandliteraryperiodicals3 literaryperiodicals RichardSteeleandTheTatlerJosephAddisonandTheSpectator Contributions 1 Theirwritingsshapeacodeofsocialmoralityfortherisingbourgeoisie 2 TheygaveatruepictureofthesociallifeofEnglandinthe18thcentury 3 Intheirhands theEnglishessayhascompletelyestablisheditselfasaliterarygenre Theyusheredinthedawnofthemodernnovel 3 SatiricalspiritoftheAge Satireflourishedduringthe18thcentury Satirists PopeandSwiftPope sTheRapeoftheRockandTheDunciad 愚人志 Swift sGulliver sTravels 4 ForeshadowingofRomanticism 1 JamesThomson 1700 1748 Scottishpoet Works TheSeasons fourlongpoems ForshadowingtheRomantic sinterestinnature 2 Thedevelopmentofliteratureoffeelingorsentimentcameintobeing 4 AlexanderPope 1688 1744 GenerallyregardedasthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheearly18thcentury bestknownforhissatiricalverseandforhistranslationofHomer 2 hislifestory hewasself educated heworkedhardagainstpoorhealthandunfavorableconditionsandgainedaprofoundknowledgeofboththeclassicsandthecraftofwriting 2 hisliteraryachievements Pope spoems threegroups1 didacticandphilosophicalpoems EssaysonCriticism MoralEssays AnEssayonMan 2 poemsofsocialsatires TheRapeoftheLock AnHeroi comicalPoem TheDunciad 3 TranslationsofHomer sIliad 1720 andOdyssey 1726 EssayonCriticism amanifestoofEnglishneoclassicism Heroiccoupletachieveditsfullcompletion AnEssayonCriticism Alittlelearningisadangerousthing Drinkdeep ortastenotthePierianspring Thereshallowdraughtsintoxicatethebrain Anddrinkinglargelysobersusagain FiredatfirstsightwithwhattheMuseimparts InfearlessyouthwetempttheheightsofArts WhilefromtheboundedlevelofourmindShortviewswetake norseethelengthsbehind Butmoreadvanced beholdwithstrangesurpriseNewdistantscenesofendlesssciencerise SopleasedatfirstthetoweringAlpswetryMountoverthevales andseemtotreadthesky Theeternalsnowsappearalreadypast Andthefirstcloudsandmountainsseemthelast But thoseattained wetrembletosurveyThegrowinglaboursofthelengthenedway Theincreasingprospecttiresourwanderingeyes Hillspeepoverhills andAlpsonAlpsarise Characteristicsofhispoems a succeededChaucerandDrydeninbringingmetricalformtoitsperfection b containedagreatnumberofquotablelinesthathavepassedintoeverydayspeechaspopularsayings suchas Toerrishuman toforgivedivine and Forfoolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread c limitation Popeisneverprofoundinthought sothepoemslackoriginalideas QuotablelinesinPope spoem Toerrishuman toforgiveisdivine Forfoolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread Alittlelearningisadangerousthing Theproperstudyofmankindisman JonathanSwift 1667 1745 RegardedasoneofthegreatestsatiristsinthehistoryofEnglishliterature BorninDublin Trinitycollege 3 Workedasaprivatesecretary4 Politicalpamphlets5 TheDeanofSt Patrick sCathedral 2 hisliteraryachievements 1 Satiricalessays TheBattleofBooks asatireorthecontroversyconcerningthevaluesofancientsandmoderns ATaleoftheTub asatireonthevariouschurchesofthetime 2 TwopoliticalpamphletsTheDrapier sLetter underthepseudonymofMr DrapierAModestProposal asatiricalpamphlet1729 Swiftsuggests withbitterirony thatthepovertyoftheIrishpeopleshouldberelievedbythesaleoftheirchildren atayearoldasfoodfortherich AbittersatireonthepolicyoftheEnglishgovernmenttowardIrish SwiftinthisarticlesuggestedtotheIrishpeoplethatthebestwaytoendtheirmiserywastoproducechildrenandsellthematmarketasadeliciousdishfortherich amostdevastatingpieceofsarcasmthatfieryindignationcangivebirthtoandapowerfulblowontheEnglishgovernment spolicyofexploitationa