英语托福综合写作专业介绍.docx

综合写作一、须知1、学习要点听力材料要点的确定文章结构的确定 转述语意的技巧2、如何确定要点1主题句2被重复的语意(同根词,同义词,相同词，反义词)3原因和结果，结论4被解释的词汇5带有倾向性和表变化的词6被强调的语意(最高级,比较级，绝对词汇, 修辞问句，特殊停顿和特殊符号如引号破折号等)7问题和答案8重要例子9比较和比喻10表示转折的词汇后面的语义3、如何结构全文总分式(重点推荐）LRR(推荐) RLR 总分总式（可用）并列式（可用 ）4、如何结构段落每个段落必须同时包含下列要素：阅读的观点演讲的观点两者的关系二、记笔记的方法1、用大写首字母代替专用词汇和反复出现的词汇2、用单词的前三四个字母记笔记3、用汉语记笔记4、用同义词记笔记5、用数字和符号记笔记6、用发音的辅音记笔记三、1、寻找并记录要点的训练方法第一步：看着阅读和听力材料，寻找要点。第二步：先寻找阅读材料中的要点， 接着边听边记要点，并且在需要的时候暂停录音。第三步：寻找阅读材料中的要点，边听边记要点，中间不停顿。2、表示相反关系的词和短语Refutechallengedoubtdenyrebut differ fromcast doubt on contradictopposeobject to disagree withBecontradictoryconflictingopposingcontraryopposite to be different fromIn contraston the contrary3、如何对付阅读中的陌生名词*只在阅读中出现的专用名词不重要。*在阅读和或演讲中出现两次和以上的专用名词很重要。4、不必揪心的项目同时出现大量数字不重要。同时出现大量列举不重要。叙述历史事实，故事情节和发展过程不重要。5、精彩句型The lecture discusseswhich refutes the main idea in the reading that The professor made the point that on the contrary in contrast however, the writer demonstrated a differentcontradictory idea thatContrary to the belief in the passage that the professor says thatThe professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that by saying thatThe reading material denies(refuteschallenges?) the listening material.（？）The lecture contradictsrefutes is contrary to is the opposite of the idea in the reading （ by saying that）The professor made the point that The reading , in contrast, held a different view by stating thatThe listening material contradicts the reading material regarding the issueproblem of As regardsIn terms ofthe listening material contradicts the reading material.Another important point showed in the listening material is that but the reading presents a conflicting idea thatFinally, the professor stated that .which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that.In general, the professor discussed the problemissue of that the reading viewed in a contraryopposing different angle.According to the lecture on the other hand while the reading stated that These two ideas are contradictory to each other.6、对材料的指称The speakerlecturerprofessor listening materiallecturetalkThe writerauthor reading materialwritingpassage7、时态的运用一般现在时态 or 一般过去时态注意：框架部分时态的一致性；学术内容的时态要根据上下文来确定例如：The writing said that antibiotics are useful in thatThe listening material said that antibiotics were useful.8、综合写作训练1、Zebra mussels:阅读材料：Zebra mussels are spreading rapidly from East Europe, where they initially originated, to the vast areas of North America. This unique fresh-water ecological system, wherever they happen to travel. To make it even worse, few effective measures have been developed so far to control the explosion of zebra mussels.First, as demonstrated in history, the invasion of zebra mussels has for all time been unstoppable. This is because zebra mussels are so smart that they have long adapted to fasten themselves to human vehicles. For example, ever since 19 century, ships traveling on fresh water routes in East Europe have been found cattying tons of zebra mussels on the bottoms. Of course, this is not the only way mussels can travel with ships. Thousands of these little creatures actually hide and multiply those in the “ballast water”- water intentionally filled in to balance the ships.Second, zebra mussels always dominate new areas soon after their first successful invasion. This shellfish has been considered a hardy creature, because they can easily adapt into almost any environment and still keep their amazing reproduction rate during the procedure of adaptation. Whats more, since zebra mussels are new to the ecological systems of North America, hardly any predators of this shellfish are known.Third, the pollution caused by zebra mussels waste can first reduce the quality of a water body and soon after that, the overall fish number dwelling in it. In addition, zebra mussels devour food and nutrition which would otherwise feed many other local fishes.听力材料：Female Professor:Well, this is the popular belief of zebra mussels. But wont say that they are really such a big threat. On the contrary, most information mentioned in this passage has been exaggerated. The spread of zebra mussels is, of course, stoppable, if proper measures are taken.First, yes, in history, people didnt stop zebra mussels invasion. But that was because people didnt have the knowledge then. Now we how to deal with the ballast water for sure. For example, when ships travel on the sea waters, they can empty all the fresh ballast water and then refill an equal amount of salt water. Because although zebra mussels are hardly shellfish, they are fresh water species anyway and salt water kills them almost immediately.Second, they say the mussels can dominate the whole ecological system of North America? That is pure nonsense. Of course, because the mussels are new to America, they have no predators now. But it doesnt mean they will find North America a safe playground forever. For example, once a bird finds zebra mussels are more than tasty, sooner or later, all birds will know there comes a kind of great new food.Third, studies have demonstrated that although the pollution caused by mussels waste may reduce the number of some fish living in the upper water, other fish, especially the fish living in the bottom, actually increase in numbers.范文：The professor makes the point that zebra mussels are not dangerous any more now as they used to be, since people have found ways to solve the problem.First, the professor holds that people now know how to stop zebra mussels invasion. When ships travel on the sea, people can simply use sea water to replace the fresh ballast water. Because the zebra mussels cannot live in sea water, this method can kill them soon. This is opposite to the idea in the passage that the invasion of zebra mussels is unstoppable. Second, the professor does not believe that zebra mussels can dominate the whole ecological system of North America. They may not have predators at the beginning, but once the birds find out that they are delicious, they will certainly have a lot of predators soon. This is contrary to the idea in the passage that zebra mussels have hardly any predators.Third, the professor thinks that when the zebra mussels reduce the number of fish living in the upper water, they actually benefit those fish living in the bottom of the water. It rebuts the idea in the reading that mussels will make local fish decrease.2、SALVAGE LOGGING阅读材料：Salvage logging has been routine for centuries in American forest industry. People working in this trade remove dead or diseased trees to improve the general health of a forest, especially after an outrage of wildfire. Salvage logging helps the forest ecosystem to stay protected.First, dead trees died from wildfire have to be removed to spare spaces for new trees. This is because of left untouched, dead trunks are very likely to prevent baby trees from obtaining sufficient sunshine and rainwater. Moreover, studiers have proved that forests after salvage logging usually recover faster than if they were left unchecked, when wildfires occur.Second, salvage logging also helps to minimize the damage caused by insects which often dwell on the dead trees. Some of these insects are deadly poisonous to people who happen to get close to them. Others would have rendered serious economic loss, if proper measures are not taken against them before they reproduce rapidly and spread over the whole forest.Third, salvage logging brings economic benefits to the local community as well. On one side, savage logging usually involves a great deal of manual work and thus it creates some job opportunities for the local people. On the other side, dead trunks collected in the process of logging could also be used as precious firewood.听力材料： Male ProfessorAh, I dont quite agree with those points about salvage logging. Actually, logging apparently goes against the nature, if I have to say something about it. Although as a tradition, salvage logging has been lasting for centuries in North America, more people today start to realize its threats to both the forest and the local community.First, dead trees do not have to be cleaned because rotten trunks and leaves provide valuable nutrition for growing young trees. In addition, with the help of bacteria and rainwater, it usually doesnt take long for those dead tees to start to decompose and eventually leave enough space for the baby tress to grow.Second, of course dead trees would give rise to some insects sooner or later. But we have to also note that those insects are simply part of nature, since they have coexisted peacefully with other animals and plants in the forest for many, many centuries. Furthermore, the quick reproduction of insects also provides birds an opportunity to feed themselves as well.Third, salvage logging is very expensive in economy if we look at it in a long run. This is because renting the helicopters, keeping the forest vehicles, and the forest management all make salvage logging a very costly process to take. Besides, the jobs created in the logging process are mostly temporary and they only benefit those professional workers.范文：The reading material says that salvage logging helps the forest ecosystem to stay protected, but the lecture refutes the idea by stating that salvage logging goes against nature and threats the forest and the local community. First, the professor doubts the idea in the passage that the salvage logging can free up space for young trees. He claims that the dead bodies of trees provide much nutrition for new trees to grow up, instead of blocking the space. In addition, dead trees decompose quickly and leave enough space for the baby trees to grow.Second, while the passage says that salvage logging helps to minimize the damage caused by insects which often dwell on the dead trees, the professor raises a contradictory idea that these insects have lived in the forests for many years and do not actually cause damages to the forest. He also argues that the insects living on the dead trees become food for birds.Third, the passage says that salvage logging provides many job opportunities. But the lecture rebuts the idea and says that the process can be very expensive. Whats more, the task only benefits professional workers, not the local community. 3、SCHOOL UNIFORM阅读材料：Educators have long recognized that high school can be a difficult experience for many students. Along with the stress of challenging academic work, high school can also be a source of social, emotional, and even financial stress. One effective way of decreasing these nonacademic kinds of stress is to require students to wear a school uniform so that all students wear basically the same clothing.One of the most obvious benefits of such a policy is that it makes high school more affordable for both students and their parents. Clothing, especially trendy, fashionable clothing, is very expensive, and teenagers usually want to have several different outfits in their wardrobesfor some, the more the better. When there is no possibility of dressing fashionably at school, a students clothing bill will go down drastically.Furthermore, wearing the same school uniform as everyone else eliminates a significant source of discomfort and self-consciousness for many teenagers: the uncertainty that what they are wearing is “right.” Such anxiety interferes with a students ability to act in ways that show his or her personality to advantage.Finally, a mandatory school-uniform policy will reduce the amount of teasing and bullying among students. Currently, many students are teased or put down simply because they dress differently from everyone else or because they cant afford to dress like the majority. Once all students wear the same uniform, there will be much less opportunity for these kinds of intimidating behaviors. 听力材料：Professor: What youve just read really is way too optimistic. Its rather easy to poke holes in the reasoning. First off, school uniforms are themselves often quite costlyusually they are only available from certain select stores. Plus, what kind of clothes will students put on after school when they go meet their friends? Well, if you cant dress trendy at school, its even more likely youll want to do that after school. So kids will still demand a full wardrobe of fashionable after-school clothes in addition to their uniforms.To take up another point, doing away with differences in dress can affect some students quite negatively. Many students may feel very uncomfortablemight even feel self-consciousabout how they look when they are not allowed to select the clothes that they wear. For many, choosing clothing is not a matter of making a fashion statement; it is simply a way of presenting themselves in ways they feel will call attention to what they consider their attractive featuresplus they feel they can also select clothing to de-emphasize other features they perhaps like less about themselves. So school uniforms can actually end up increasing self-consciousness and discomfort among students.Finally, students will always pick on other students. Dividing into groups, teasing and bullying others for being differentthese are things teenagers everywhere do because they are at that particular stage of life. If students cannot pick on differences in dress, they will surely find other things to pick onthings like choice in music or the kind of backpack brought to schoolany of these can easily take on as much importance as clothing. 范文：The passage believes that school uniforms