翻译常见词汇及翻译资源大全.doc

外贸常见英文缩略词B/L (bill of lading) 提单P/L (packing list) 装箱单、明细表INV (invoice) 发票S/C (sales contract) 销售确认书C.O (certificate of origin) 一般原产地证C/D (customs declaration) 报关单G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences) 普惠制-T/T (telegraphic transfer) 电汇D/P (document against payment) 付款交单D/A (document against acceptance) 承兑交单CFR (cost and freight) 成本加运费价L/C (letter of credit) 信用证FOB (free on board) 离岸价CIF (cost,insurance&freight) 含保险到岸价（成本、保险加运费价 ）-W (with) 具有w/o (without) 没有IMP (import) 进口EXP (export) 出口MAX (maximum) 最大的、最大限度的MIN (minimum) 最小的，最低限度M或MED (medium) 中等，中级的-INT (international) 国际的PUR (purchase) 购买、购货REF (reference) 参考、查价PR或PRC (price) 价格STL.(style)式样、款式、类型M/V (merchant vessel) 商船S.S (steamship) 船运S/M (shipping marks) 装船标记DOC (document) 文件、单据EMS (Express mail special) 特快传递FAC (facsimile) 传真T或LTX或TX (telex) 电传-DL/DLS (dollar/dollars) 美元RMB (renminbi) 人民币WT (weight) 重量G.W.(gross weight) 毛重N.W.(net weight) 净重MT或M/T(metric ton) 公吨EA (each) 每个，各PCE/PCS (piece/pieces) 只、个、支等DOZ/DZ (dozen) 一打PKG (package) 一包，一捆，一扎，一件等PCT (percent) 百分比CTN/CTNS (carton/cartons) 纸箱常见外贸合同范本售货合同SALES CONTRACT 合同编号： Contract NO: 签订地点： Signed at: 签订日期： Date: 买方：The Buyers：卖方：The Sellers： 双方同意按下列条款由买方售出下列商品：The Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the following goods on terms and conditions as set forth below： (1)商品名称、规格及包装(1)Name of Commodity ,Specifications and Packing (2)数量(2)Quantity(3)单价(3)Unit Price (4)总值(4)Total Value （装运数量允许有 %的增减）（Shipment Quantity %more or less allowed）（5）装运期限：（5）Time of Shipment：（6）装运口岸： （6）Port of loading：（7）目的口岸： （7）Port of Destination：（8）保险；由 方负责，按本合同总值110%投保_险。（8）Insurance：To be covered by the_for 110% of the invoice value against_. （9） 付款：凭保兑的、不可撤销的、可转让的、可分割的即期有电报套汇条款/见票/出票_天期付款信用证，信用证以_为受益人并允许分批装运和转 船。该信用证必须在_前开到卖方，信用证的有效期应为上述装船期后第15天，在中国_到期，否则卖方有权取消本售货合约，不另行通 知，并保留因此而发生的一切损失的索赔权。（9）Terms of Payment：By confirmed, irrevocable, transferable and divisible letter of credit in favour of _payable at sight with TT reimbursement clause/_days/sight/date allowing partial shipment and transshipment. The covering Letter of Credit must reach the Sellers before _and is to remain valid in _.China until the 15th day after the aforesaid time of shipment, failing which the Sellers reserve the right to cancel this Sales Contract without further notice and to claim from the Buyers for losses resulting therefrom. （10）商品检验：以中国_所签发的品质/数量/重量/包装/卫生检验合格证书作为卖方的交货依据。（10）Inspection：The Inspection Certificate of Quality / Quantity / Weight / Packing / Sanitation issued by_of China shall be regarded as evidence of the Sellers delivery.（11）装运唛头：（11）Shipping Marks：其他条款：OTHER TERMS：1. 异议：品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起30天内提出，数量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15天内提出，但均须提供经卖方同意的公证行的检验证明。如责任属于卖方者，卖方于收到异议20天内答复买方并提出处理意见。1. Discrepancy：In case of quality discrepancy, claim should be lodged by the Buyers within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, while for quantity discrepancy, claim should be lodged by the Buyers within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination. In all cases, claims must be accompanied by Survey Reports of Recognized Public Surveyors agreed to by the Sellers. Should the responsibility of the subject under claim be found to rest on the part of the Sellers, the Sellers shall, within 20 days after receipt of the claim, send their reply to the Buyers together with suggestion for settlement.2. 信用证内应明确规定卖方有权可多装或少装所注明的百分数，并按实际装运数量议付。（信用证之金额按本售货合约金额增加相应的百分数。）2. The covering Letter of Credit shall stipulate the Sellerss option of shipping the indicated percentage more or less than the quantity hereby contracted and be negotiated for the amount covering the value of quantity actually shipped. (The Buyers are requested to establish the L/C in amount with the indicated percentage over the total value of the order as per this Sales Contract.)3. 信用证内容须严格符合本售货合约的规定，否则修改信用证的费用由买方负担，卖方并不负因修改信用证而延误装运的责任，并保留因此而发生的一切损失的索赔权。 3. The contents of the covering Letter of Credit shall be in strict conformity with the stipulations of the Sales Contract. In case of any variation there of necessitating amendment of the L/C, the Buyers shall bear the expenses for effecting the amendment. The Sellers shall not be held responsible for possible delay of shipment resulting from awaiting the amendment of the L/C and reserve the right to claim from the Buyers for the losses resulting therefrom.4. 除经约定保险归买方投保者外，由卖方向中国的保险公司投保。如买方需增加保险额及/或需加保其他险，可于装船前提出，经卖方同意后代为投保，其费用由买方负担。4. Except in cases where the insurance is covered by the Buyers as arranged, insurance is to be covered by the Sellers with a Chinese insurance company. If insurance for additional amount and /or for other insurance terms is required by the Buyers, prior notice to this effect must reach the Sellers before shipment and is subject to the Sellers agreement, and the extra insurance premium shall be for the Buyers account.5. 因人力不可抗拒事故使卖方不能在本售货合约规定期限内交货或不能交货，卖方不负责任，但是卖方必须立即以电报通知买方。如果买方提出要求，卖方应以挂号函 向买方提供由中国国际贸易促进委员会或有关机构出具的证明，证明事故的存在。买方不能领到进口许可证，不能被认为系属人力不可抗拒范围。 5. The Sellers shall not be held responsible if they fail, owing to Force Majeure cause or causes, to make delivery within the time stipulated in this Sales Contract or cannot deliver the goods. However, the Sellers shall inform immediately the Buyers by cable. The Sellers shall deliver to the Buyers by registered letter, if it is requested by the Buyers, a certificate issued by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade or by any competent authorities, attesting the existence of the said cause or causes. The Buyers failure to obtain the relative Import Licence is not to be treated as Force Majeure.6. 仲裁：凡因执行本合约或有关本合约所发生的一切争执，双方应以友好方式协商解决；如果协商不能解决，应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力。6. Arbitration：All disputes arising in connection with this Sales Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by way of amicable negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the case at issue shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisions of the said Commission. The award by the said Commission shall be deemed as final and binding upon both parties.7. 附加条款（本合同其他条款如与本附加条款有抵触时，以本附加条款为准。）：7. Supplementary Condition(s)(Should the articles stipulated in this Contract be in conflict with the following supplementary condition(s)，the supplementary condition(s)should be taken as valid and binding.)卖方（Sellers):买方（Buyers）：合同英语特色介绍看了之后明白了很多英文“之乎者也”所对应的现代文，对合同英语的结构和特色也有了大概的了解。值得一看。 Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。何谓“contract”? 1999年中国合同法第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 ，Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”， 也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。Black Law Dictionary有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。另一个是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致， 也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black Law Dictionary 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with contract, agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。 ，1999中国合同法第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是： 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this _ day of _(month), _ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called Party A )and Party B(hereinafter called Party B ) 然后是开始陈述：WHEREASTHEREFORE It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以：WITNESSETH, WHEREAS NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文，最后是证明部分： IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡AgreementTHIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called The Company) of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called The Mangager) of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. . NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Companys IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. . IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company.2. 3. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分： 第一部分：称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为： THIS AGREEMENT is made the -_ day of _ （month）,_ (year) between A _ (hereinafter called The Company) of the part and B_, (hereinafter called The Manager) of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分：称为recital。以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分：称为habendum，正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为：IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。 第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by _” 英文写作翻译；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of _”；当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _ of_”，然后才是In the presence of _。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of _供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达As Witness our Hands this _day of _，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含附录。 B. 美国APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATORAN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between _ of _ (address)(hereinafter referred to as the Company) as one part and Mr._ of _(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall 2. This agreement shall commence on . 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentionedSIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了了“职务”，即designation(有的合同还惯用position).C. 香港CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address ContactTHE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT译4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER _ _ By:_ By:_ Date:-_ Date:-_ THE END USER _By: _ Date: -_-_ 比起前两个合同，该买卖合同的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落款处SIGNED BY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。D. 日本SERVICE AGREEMENTThis agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between_ LTD (hereinafter referred to as PARTY A), and _CO., LTD. (hereinafter referred to as PARTY B)WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY Bs request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:1.2. 3.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. _ Ltd. _ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR该合同也由四大部分构成，与上述合同最大的不同在于，在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH（鉴于），最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目，但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。别外，当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。 相比之下，英文合同除个别地方外，整个合同的段落排列，句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时，只要仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：1 May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ，May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），Shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候）， must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。May do 不能说成can do， shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do， may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如，在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样？ 前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall 后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好象一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。 本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。2 正式用语（formal term） 合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同。 例如： “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ，远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”； “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”； “在之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用“before”；“关于”常用“as regards”， “concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”； “事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”； “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”； “停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”； “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”，而用“convene”； “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”，而用“preside”； “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”； “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”，用“consider”少，不用“think”或“believe”； “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”，而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。三、用词专业（technical terms） 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , wher