英语学习大全.doc

第23天：被动语态02304 被动态的各种用法被动态用于以下各种情况：A 动作的施动者很明显，没有必要提到时：The rubbish hasnt been collected垃圾没有清走。The streets are swept every day马路每天都清扫。Your hand will be X-rayed你的手要照X片。B 不知道、不确切知道或忘记了谁是施动者时：The minister was murdered部长被谋杀了。My car has been moved！我的汽车被挪动过了！Youll be met at the station有人会到车站去接你。Ive been told that有人告诉我说C 主动动词的主语是人们时：He is suspected of receiving stolen goods他被怀疑接受了赃物。（人们怀疑他）They are supposed to be living in New York据猜测他们现在住在纽约。（人们猜测他们住在）（关于不定式结构与被动动词，参见第245节与第306节。）D 主动句的主语是不定代词one时，如One sees this sort of ad vertisement everywhere（这样的广告到处可见），通常可以表示为：This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere这样的广告到处可见。在很口语化的话语中可用不定代词you（参见第68节）和主动动词：You see this sort of advertisement everywhere你在任何地方都可以见到这种广告。但较正式的英语要求用one+主动动词或用通常的被动形式。E 对所做的事比对做事的人更感兴趣时：The house next door has been bought（by a Mr Jones）隔壁的房子被（一个叫琼斯的先生的人）买下了。如果认识琼斯先生，就会使用主动态：Your fathers friend，Mr Jones，has bought the house next door你父亲的朋友琼斯先生买下了隔壁的房子。同样：A new public library is being built（by our local council）正在（由我们地方议会）兴建一个新公共图书馆。然而在不太正式的英语中，可用不定代词they（参见第节）和主动动词：They are building a new public library他们正在修建一个新的公共图书馆。而地方议会成员当然也可以说：We areThe council is building我们地方议会正在修建F 使用被动语态可避免说出别扭或不合语法的句子时。这样做通常可避免改换主语：When he arrived home a detective arrested him他回到家时，一名侦探逮捕了他。最好表示为：When he arrived home he was arrested（by a detective）他回到家就被（一名侦探）逮捕了。When their mother was ill neighbours looked after the children孩子们的母亲生病时，邻居们照顾他们。最好表示为：When their mother was ill the children were looked after by neighbours孩子们的母亲生病时，他们由邻居们照顾。G 有时为了心理学上的原因而选择使用被动态动词。说话人可能用这个办法来表示他对自己所宣布的令人不快的事情不负有责任：Employer：Overtime rates are being reducedwill have to be reduced雇主：加班工资将调低将必须调低。如果宣布令人高兴的事项，则当然会使用主动态动词：IWe are going to increase overtime rates我我们将调高加班工资。有时说话人可能知道动作是谁做的，但不希望提到他的名字。如汤姆怀疑比尔私拆他的信件，他可能会策略地说This letter has been opened（这封信有人拆过了）而不说Youve opened this letter（你把我的信拆开了）。H 关于have+宾语+过去分词结构的用法，如I had the car resprayed（我找人把汽车重新喷了漆），参见第119节。huluyu 2008-9-29 00:52305 介词与被动态动词连用A 正如已经提到过的，要提到被动态动词的施动者时，前面须用by引导： 主动态： Dufy painted this picture 达菲画的这幅画。被动态： This picture was painted by Dufy 这幅画是达菲画的。主动态： What makes these holes？ 是什么东西弄出这些破洞的？被动态： What are these holes made by？ 这些破洞是什么东西弄的？注意下列句子：Smoke filled the room房间里烟雾弥漫。Paint covered the lock油漆涂遍了锁上。它们的被动形式应当是：The room was filled with smokeThe lock was covered with paint这里针对的只是所涉及的物质而不是施动者本人。B 动词+介词+宾语这一结构变成被动态时，介词应直接跟在动词之后：主动态： We must write to him 我们必须给他写信。被动态： He must be written to 必须给他写信。主动态： You can play with these cubs quite safely 你和这些熊崽子玩不会有危险。被动态： These cubs can be played with quite safely 和这些熊崽子玩不会有危险。 对动词+介词副词结构，也应同样处理：主动态： They threw away the old newspapers 他们把旧报纸扔了。被动态： The old newspapers were thrown away 旧报纸给扔了。主动态： He looked after the children well 他对孩子们照顾得很好。被动态： The children were well looked after 孩子们被照顾得很好。huluyu 2008-9-29 00:52第23天：被动语态03306 被动态动词后的不定式结构A 不定式结构用在acknowledge，assume，believe，claim，consider，estimate，feel，find，know，presume，report，say，think，under- stand等动词之后。（参见第245节。）People considerknowthink等that he is这类句子有两种被动形式：It is consideredknownthought etcthat he isHe is consideredknownthought etcto be同样：People said that he was jealous of her人们说他妒忌她。相当于：It was said that he wasHe was said to be jealous of her据说他妒忌她。在这两种结构中，用不定式的后一结构比较简洁。它主要用于be，尽管有时其他动词的不定式也可以这样用：He is thought to have information which will be useful to the police人们认为他掌握了对警察有用的情况。如句中所想到的内容涉及到以前的动作，则使用不定式的完成式，因此：People believed that he was相当于：It was believed that he wasHe was believed to have been People know that he was相当于：It is known that he wasHe is known to have been这种结构可与任何动词的不定式的完成式连用。B 不定式结构用在suppose后1 suppose的被动态之后可以接任何动词的不定式的一般式，但这种结构通常都含有这是一种责任、义务的意思，因此并不是同suppose的主动态（常意为“推测”）完全对应的形式：You are supposed to know how to drive你本该会开车。相当于：It is your duty to knowYou should know how to drive 会开车是你的责任。你该知道怎么开车。但He is supposed to be in Paris既可能意思是他应该在那里，也可能是指人们猜想他在那里。2 suppose的被动态后面同样可以跟任何动词的不定式的完成式。这种结构可以有责任和义务的含义，但也常常没有这种含义：You are supposed to have finished相当于：You should have finished你早就应该完成了。但是：He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman相当于：People suppose that he escaped据猜测他是乔装打扮成女人逃跑的。C 用在被动态动词后面的不定式通常是带to的不定式，尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带to的不定式：主动态： We saw them go out 我们看见他们出去了。被动态： They were seen to go out 有人看见他们出去了。主动态： He made us work 他强迫我们干活。被动态： We were made to work 我们被迫干活。然而，惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to：主动态： They let us go 他们让我们走了。被动态： We were let go 我们被允许走开。D 不定式的进行式可用于如下动词的被动式之后：believe， know，report，say，suppose，think，understand等。He is believedknownsaidsupposedthought to be living abroad相当于：People believeknowsaysupposethink that he is living abroad据信据知据说据猜测据认为他住在国外。You are supposed to be working相当于：You should be working你本应在工作。在这里也可用不定式的完成进行式：He is believed to have been waiting for a message相当于：People believed that he was waiting for a message据信他当时一直在等待消息。You are supposed to have been working相当于：You should have been working 你那时本该一直在工作。huluyu 2008-9-29 00:53第24天：间接引语01307 直接引语和间接引语可以用两种方法重述人们说的话：直接引语和间接引语。直接引语重述说话人的原话：He said，I have lost my umbrella他说：“我把伞丢了。”这样被复述的话要放在引号之间，而在原话之前有一个逗号或冒号。直接引语一般用在书本的对话中，或用在剧本以及引文中。间接引语能准确传达原话的内容，但不一定要全部照搬原话：He said（that）he had lost his umbrella他说他丢了伞。表间接引语的动词say之后没有逗号，在say和tell+宾语之后的that也可以省略。但在complain，explain，object，point out，protest等动词之后，that不能省略。口头复述对话时，常多使用间接引语，但有时也可使用直接引语以产生更为生动的效果。把直接引语变为间接引语时，常需对原句作某些改变。可以对陈述句、疑问句和祈使句分别加以研究，以求更好地弄清这些变化。huluyu 2008-9-29 00:54308 间接引语中的陈述句时态须作必要的改变A 间接引语可以由用现在时态的动词引导：He says that这种用法常用于下列情况：（a）复述仍在进行中的对话；（b）读信件并转述信中的内容；（c）读指示命令并转述其内容；（d）复述某人经常说的话。Tom says that hell never get married 汤姆说他永远不结婚。引述的动词如是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时，在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变：Paul（phoning from the station）：Im trying to get a taxi保罗（从车站打电话来）：我正在设法雇出租汽车。Ann（to Mary，who is standing beside her）：Paul says he is trying to get a taxi安（对站在身旁的玛丽说）：保罗说他正在设法雇出租汽车。B 通常间接引语都是由用过去时态的动词引导的。这时直接引语中的动词必须变成相应的过去时态。这些变化列表如下（在后五个例句中省去了that）：C 注意I we shallshould的用法Iwe shall通常在间接引语中变为heshethey would：I shall be 21 tomorrow，said Bill比尔说：“明天我就21岁了。”相当于：Bill said he would be 21 the following day比尔说第二天他就满21周岁了。如果句子是由原说话人复述的，Iwe shall就既可以变成Iwe should，也可以变成Iwe would，但would用得更为普遍。同样，Iwe should在间接引语中通常变成heshethey would：If I had the instruction manual I shouldwould know what to do，said Bill比尔说：“如果我有说明书，我就知道该怎么弄了。”相当于：Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do 比尔说如果他有说明书他就知道该怎么弄了。但是如果句子由原说话人复述，Iwe should既可以保持不变也可以由would来代替。请见B中最后一个例句。huluyu 2008-9-29 00:54手真的要断了，腰酸背疼的，1个小时了，天呐，我是英雄 （有点厚脸皮）呵呵huluyu 2008-9-29 00:56309 过去时态有时保持不变A 从理论上讲，间接引语中一般过去时应当变成过去完成时，但在口语中，如果不至于使人对于动作发生的相对时间产生混淆，则常保持不变。例如：He said，I loved her（他说：“我爱过她”）必须变成He said he had loved her（他说他爱过她），否则句子的意思就会不一样了。但He said，Ann arrived on Monday（他说：“安是星期一到的”）可以转述为He said Ann arrivedhad arrived on Monday（他说安是星期一到的他说安已于星期一到达）。B 从理论上讲，过去进行时应当变成过去完成进行时，但实际上除非所指的是已完成的动作，否则一般都不变：She said，We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to她说：“我们曾想卖掉这所房子，但现在已经决定不卖了。”相当于：She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but had decided not to她说他们曾想卖掉这所房子，但现在已经决定不卖了。但是：He said，When I saw them they were playing tennis他说：“我看到他们时，他们在打网球。”相当于：He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis他说他看到他们时，他们在打网球。C 英语书面语中，一般过去时在间接引语中固然常常变成过去完成时，但也有以下几种例外情况：1 时间从句中的一般过去时及过去进行时常不需改变：He said，When we were living lived in Paris他说：“我们住在巴黎的时候”相当于：He said that when they were living in Paris他说他们住在巴黎的时候这类间接引语的主句中的主要动词既可保持不变，也可以变成过去完成时：He said，When we were livinglived in Paris we often saw Paul他说：“我们住在巴黎时，常常看到保罗。”相当于：He said that when they were livinglived in Paris they often sawhad of ten seen Paul他说他们住在巴黎时，常常看到保罗。2 如一般过去时被用来叙述转述时仍继续存在的情况，则在间接引语中保持不变：She said，I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road她说：“我决定不买这座房子了，因为它在交通要道上。”相当于：She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on amain road她说她决定不买这座房子了，因为它在交通要道上。huluyu 2008-9-29 00:57310 间接引语中的虚拟过去时A 虚拟过去时如位于wish，would rathersooner和it is time等之后，在间接引语中保持不变：we wish we didnt have to take exams，said the children孩子们说：“我们不考试就好了。”相当于：The children said they wished they didnt have to take exams 孩子们说他们不考试就好了。Bill wants to go alone，said Ann，but Id rather he went with a group“比尔想一个人去，”安说，“但是我宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。”相当于：Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone but that shed rather he went with a group安说比尔想一个人去，但她宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。Its time we began planning our holidays，he said他说：“我们该开始计划我们休假的事了。”相当于：He said that it was time they began planning their holidays他说他们该开始计划他们休假的事了。B Iheshewethey had better在间接引语里保持不变。 you had better可以保持不变，或者用advise+宾语+不定式结构进行转述（参见第120节）：The children had better go to bed early，said Tom汤姆说：“孩子们最好早点睡觉。”相当于：Tom said that the children had better go to bed early汤姆说孩子们最好早睡觉。Youd better not drink the water，she said她说：“你最好不要喝这水。”相当于：She advisedwarned us not to drink the water她劝告（或告诫）我们不要喝这水。C 条件句类型2和类型3在间接引语里保持不变（参见第229节）：If my children were older I would emigrate，he said他说：“如果我的孩子们再大点的话，我就会移居国外。”相当于：He said that if his children were older he would emigrate他说如果他的孩子们再大点的话他就会移居国外。huluyu 2008-9-29 01:09311 间接陈述中的might，ought to，should，would，used toA might除用于表示请求的意思外，在间接引语里保持不变：He said，Ann might ring today他说：“安今天可能会打电话来。”相当于：He said that Ann might ring（that day）他说安（那天）可能会打电话。相当于：但是：You might post these for me，he said他说：“你可以帮我把这些寄出去。”相当于：He asked me to post them for him他让我替他把那些寄出去。（关于各种请求的表示法，参见第285节。）B ought toshould表示“义务、责任”的意思时，在间接引语中保持不变：They ought toshould widen this road，I said我说：“他们应当拓宽这条路。”相当于：I said that they ought toshould widen the road我说他们应当拓宽这条路。I said，I should be back by six我说：“我在6点钟该能返回来了。”（我设想我会）相当于：I said I should be back by six我说我在6点钟该能返回来了。C 但当 you ought toyou should表示劝告而不表示义务的意思时，可由advise+宾语+不定式的结构来转述。you must也可表示劝告，也用同样的方法来转述：You ought toshouldmust read the instructions，said Ann安说：“你应该必须看看说明书。”相当于：Ann advisedurgedwarned me to read the instructions安劝告敦促提醒我看看说明书。D 由If I were you I shouldwould表示劝告的形式，通常可由advise+宾语+不定式结构来转述：If I were you Id wait，I said我说：“如果我是你的话，我会等的。”相当于：I advised him to wait我劝他等待。E 由I shouldwould be（very）grateful if you would表示请求的形式，通常由ask+宾语+不定式结构来转述：Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed，he said他说：“如果您能随时把有关情况告诉我，我会很感激的。”相当于：He asked me to keep him informed他让我随时把有关情况告诉他。F would用于陈述时在间接引语中保持不变。但请参见第284节关于would用于请求等。G used to在间接引语中保持不变：I know the place well because I used to live here，he explained他解释说：“我熟悉那个地方，因为我以前住在那里。”相当于：He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there他解释说他熟悉那个地方，因为他以前曾住在那里。（关于could，参见第312节；关于must，参见第325节。）huluyu 2008-9-29 01:09312 could用于间接引语（关于could的疑问形式，参见第283与第284节。）A could表示能力1 could表示目前的能力时在间接引语中保持不变：I cantcouldnt stand on my head，he said他说：“我不能做三点倒立。”相当于：He said he couldnt stand on his head他说他不能做三点倒立。2 could表示将来的能力时，在间接引语中可以保持不变，或由would be able结构来转述：He said，I could do it tomorrow他说：“我明天能做这事。”相当于：He said he could do itwould be able to do it the next day他说他第二天能做这事。3 条件句类型2中，主句中的could与A2中的变化相同：If I had the tools I could mend it，he said他说：“如果我有工具的话，我就能修补它。”相当于：He said that if he had the tools he couldwould be able to mend it他说如果他有工具的话，他就能修补它。would be able在这里暗指所假设的情况有可能实现（可能他可以借到工具。）4 条件句类型3中，could被转述时保持不变。5 could表示过去的能力时，在间接引语里保持不变，或用had been able结构转述：I could read when I was three！she boasted她吹嘘说：“我三岁时就能看书了！”相当于：She boasted that she couldhad been able to read when she was three她吹嘘说她三岁时就能看书了。B could表示允许1 条件句类型2中的could在间接引语中可保持不变，或由would be allowed to转述：If I paid my fine I could walk out of prison today，he said他说：“如果我交了罚款，我今天就能走出牢门了。”相当于：He said that if he paid his fine he couldwould be allowed to walk他说如果他交了罚款他会被允许走2 表示过去时态的could在间接引语中可保持不变，或用 waswere allowed to或had been allowed to结构来转述：He said，When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked他说：“我小时候，我可以想呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚。”相当于：He said that when he was a boy he couldwas allowed to stay upHe said that as a boy he washad been allowed etc他说他小时候，可以被允许爱呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚huluyu 2008-9-29 01:09第24天：间接引语02313 其中的代词与形容词A 代词和所有格形容词一般由第一人称或第二人称转化为第三人称，除非说话者转述的就是自己的话：He said，Ive forgotten the combination of my safe他说：“我忘了我保险柜的密码了。”相当于：He said that he had forgotten the combination of his safe他说他忘记了他保险柜的密码了。I said，I like my new house我说：“我喜欢我的新房子。”相当于：I said that I liked my new house 我说我喜欢我的新房子。（说话者转述的是自己的话）有时为避免意义上的混淆不清，必须将代词改变成名词：Tom said，He came in through the window（汤姆说：“他是从窗户进来的”）这句话一般不能像下面那样转述：Tom said he hadcome in through the window（汤姆说他是从窗户进来的）。 这种转述方法意思可能指汤姆自己是通过窗户进来的。如果在这里将代词改变为相应的一个名词，就不会混淆了：Tom said that the manburglarcat etchad come in（汤姆说那个男人入室窃贼猫等是从进来的）。代词的变化会引起动词的变化：He says，I know her他说：“我认识她。”相当于：He says he knows her他说他认识她。He says，I shall be there他说：“我将在那里。”相当于：He says that he will be there他说他将在那里。B this和thesethis如用于表示时间，通常转述为that：He said，She is coming this week他说：“她这个星期来。”相当于：He said that she was coming that week他说她那个星期来。但是，this和that不表示时间而当形容词用时，转述时用the： He said，I bought this pearlthese pearls for my mother他说：“这颗这些珍珠是给我母亲买的。”相当于：He said that he had bought the pearlpearls for his mother他说这颗这些珍珠是给他母亲买的。this，these作代词用时可转述为it，theythem：He showed me two bulletsI found these embedded in the panelling，he said他把两颗子弹头拿给我看。“我发现这两颗子弹头嵌在护壁板里，”他说。相当于：He said he had found them embedded in the panelling他说他发现这两颗子弹嵌在护壁板里。He said，We will discuss this tomorrow他说：“我们明天讨论这件事。”相当于：He said that they would discuss itthe matter the next day他说他们要在第二天讨论它那件事。this，these（形容词或代词）可以用于表明选择，或用于把一些东西与另一些东西区别开来。这时用the one（s）near him等来转述，或可以把话换一个方法说清楚：Ill have this（one），he said to me他对我说：“我要这个。”相当于：He said he would have the one near himHe pointed totouchedshowed me the one he wanted他说他要靠近他的那一个。他把他想要的那个指摸拿给我看。huluyu 2008-9-29 01:10314 其中的时间及地点表达法A 表示时间的副词及副词短语的变化：例句如：I saw her the day before yesterday，he said他说：“我是前天看到她的。”相当于：He said hed seen her two days before他说他是两天前看到她的。Ill do it tomorrow，he promised他答应道：“这件事我明天就做。”相当于：He promised that he would do it the next day他答应第二天就做这件事。Im starting the day after tomorrow，mother，he said他说：“妈妈，我后天动身。”相当于：He told his mother that he was starting in two daystime他告诉他妈妈他两天后动身。She said，My father died a year ago她说：“我爸爸一年前去世了。”相当于：She said that her father had died a year beforethe previous year她说他父亲在前一年去世了。B 但如果说话和转述发生在同一天，则不必作时间上的改变：At breakfast this morning he said，Ill be very busy today今天早餐时他说：“今天我会很忙。”相当于：At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today今天早餐时，他说他今天会很忙。C 如果在说话的一两天之后才转述，当然要作合乎逻辑的修正。如星期一杰克对汤姆说：Im leaving the day after tomorrow我打算后天动身。如果汤姆在第二天（星期二）转述这句话，他会说：Jack said he was leaving tomorrow杰克说他打算明天动身。如果汤姆在星期三转述这句话，他可能会说：Jack said he was leaving today杰克说他打算今天动身。D here 可能转述为there，但所指的是什么地方必须要很清楚才可这样用：At the station he said，Ill be here again tomorrow在火车站他说：“我明天还会来这儿。”相当于：He said that hed be there again the next day他说他第二天会再到那儿去。通常here需用某种适当的短语来代替：She said，You can sit here，Tom她说：“汤姆，你可以坐在这里。”相当于：She told Tom that he could sit beside her etc她告诉汤姆他可以坐在她的旁边等等。但是He said，Come here，boys（他说：“到这儿来，孩子们”）一般转述为：He called the boys他叫孩子们来。huluyu 2008-9-29 01:10315 其中的不定式和动名词结构A agreerefuseofferpromisethreaten+不定式有时可用来代替say（that）：Ann：Would you wait half an hour？安：你能等半个小时吗？Tom：All right汤姆：好的。相当于：Tom agreed to waitTom said he would wait汤姆同意等。汤姆说他会等候的。Ann：Would you lend me another50？安：你能再借给我50镑吗？Tom：No，I wont lend you any more money汤姆：不，我不再借钱给你了。相当于：Tom refused to lend her any more money汤姆拒绝再借钱给她。Tom said that he wouldnt lend汤姆说他再也不借Paul：Ill help you if you like，Ann保罗：安，如果你愿意，我可以帮你。相当于：Paul offered to help her保罗表示乐意帮助她。Paul said that hed help her保罗说他愿意帮助她。（另参见第318节shall I？部分。）Ann：Ill pay you back next weekReally I will安：下星期我就还钱给你，我一定还。Ann promised to pay him back the following weekAnn said that she would pay him back安答应在下一周把钱还给他。安说她会把钱还给他的。Ann assured him that she would pay him back安向他保证她会还给他钱的。Kidnappers：If you dont pay the ransom at once well kill your daugh ter绑架者：如果你不马上交赎金，我们将杀死你女儿。相当于：The kidnappers threatened to kill his daughter if he didnt pay the ran som at once绑架者恐吓道，如果他不马上交赎金就把他女儿杀死。The kidnappers said that they would kill绑架者说他们要杀死（关于宾语+不定式结构，参见第320节。）B accuseofadmitapologize fordenyinsist on+动名词这一类结构有时可代替say（that）：You took the money！“你拿了这钱！”可转述为：He accused me of taking the money他指责我拿了钱。I stoledidnt steal it“我偷了没偷。”可转述为：I admitteddenied stealing it我承认否认偷了。Im sorry Im late，he said他说：“抱歉，我来晚了。”可转述为：He apologized for being late他为迟到表示抱歉。He saidhe was sorry he was late他说他很抱歉