导出——课堂教学的终曲.doc

总结 发散 创新“导出”课堂教学的终曲 江苏南京江宁高级中学 严小玲终曲是指大型音乐作品结束的音乐段落。它起着延续乐思及作品情感的作用。在歌剧中常用大规模的合唱形式而在舞剧则常用群舞来展示其艺术魅力。如果说Warming Up 是课堂教学的前奏曲，那么“导出 ”就是课堂教学的终曲。它可以以讨论、归纳、网络展示、表格填空、短文填空等形式出现。科学的“导出”有“欲穷千里目，更上一层楼”的展望，是由知识向能力过渡的桥梁，是启迪思考和开发智力的良机，它是提炼升华教学内容，帮助学生建构知识网络，提高学习兴趣的有效途径。“导出”具有总结性、回味性、发散性，科学的“导出”能使课堂教学起画龙点睛的作用。 据此我常用以下几种“导出”的方法：1.讨论式“导出” 讨论法教学的首要目标，就是改善学生的学习情境。在传统的教学方法中，在学习情境方面存在的缺点就是封闭、单一性。全班同学被要求全神贯注于同一本教材上，在很大程度上，思维方向被框在一个狭小的天地里，只看中教师的思维，简单地认定教师的思维是正确。课堂讨论法则把课本以外的信息和学生的意见引进课堂，允许和鼓励学生进行讨论、分辩、争论，他们可以前后左右相互交流，大声争辩， 甚至可以按自己的意愿自由结合成一组，在课堂上回答、讨论教师的问题。这在学生的心理上，冲破了某种桎梏。在这里教师只是一个有经验的成年人，一个相对的权威，学生和教师商讨，也可以和他们辩论，获得一种平等和谐的感觉，可以体会到实事求是，各抒己见的气氛。如：人教社2003年颁布全日制高级中学教科书英语 Unit 19 Modern Agriculture（reading ）在warming up时， 我提出一个问题让学生展开讨论：What problems appeared during the development of new techniques in farming?接着我帮助学生梳理课文内容，学生搞清文章大意以后，课文结束前，我有提出另外一个问题让学生讨论：What problems will appear during the development of new techniques in farming in the future?再如: Unit17 (integrating skills) Oprah Winfrey结束课前在我出了这样一个讨论题:Discuss in groups and try to describe her using some adjectives or proper phrases we learned from the text .我把同学们讨论的内容写在黑板上，然后根据关键词在写作文。这样既对学生的想象力和创造力而且知道诚实、勤奋、友善、能力、自律的重要性。至于写作文主要的目的是将知识与能力进行有机结合起来。 hard-working friendly popular OPRAH WINFREY warm-hearted self-improvement disciple honest capable 这样的讨论还可以调节大脑，既可以消除疲劳，有利于强化知识的理解和技能的提高。2.图表、网络式“导出”图式理论的主要观点：人们在解释新事物的时候，需要将新事物与已知的概念、过去的经历，即背景知识联系起来。对新事物的理解和解释取决于头脑中已经存在的图式。图式有三种类型：语言图式、内容图式和形式图式。其作用加大背景知识输入、理清课文脉络、梳理知识、形成知识网络。图表、网络的表现力强并非常直观，所以能激发学生学习兴趣。例 1：Unit 20 Humor （reading ）在课文整体教学之后，学生已经掌握了内容主旨后，为了帮助学生进一步把握文章的脉络，我常常首先让学生分小组讨论有关教学内容，以便学生之间补充信息，然后利用简单的线条和关键词绘出课文的内在结构和图式。How to make people laughDetails (Similarities and difference )COMEDIES1. cross-dressing 2. using stereotypes of nationalities3. making fun of sbs way dressing or telling and amusing story 4. speaking with a foreign accent 5. word play 6. create a situation1. cross-dressing 2. word play 3. create a situation Clown 1. their clothes 2. their make-up 3. the way they walk1. act alone or as a pair 2. clothes3. body language 4. dont use words at allCOMEDIANSsketches1. act out a situation during the show 2. 2.words3. 3.body language4. face expression 1. walk alone or as a pair 2. clothes3. body language 4. dont use words at allCross talk shows1. word play2. making many jokes and funny conversations1. two people 2. dress up a little 3. act out small sketches4. dress up a littleHave a long tradition in China Laughing Matter 再如：Unit 22 A world of fun (reading ) 我就利用网络形式帮助学生总结课文。比较而言网络式结尾的形式更活泼、更灵活、学生更喜欢。 Theme Park Definition - a place /enjoy yourself / learn something special statues Para. 1 in China _name World Park what/see buildings, castles, Ethnic Culture Park what/know customs Costumes CultureTheme Para2 in Hong Kong name Ocean park what/enjoy/learn about life in ocean Park rides at the headland Para 3 in USA name Disneyland whom/meet /visit Mickey mouse Donald Duck and many othersUniversal Studios 3.归纳式“导出”英语课堂教学讲究的是效益，每一种课型都有其特定的内容，有些内容需要归纳、删繁就简，对所学知识进行梳理，抓住要点概括出本节可的重点难点或课文学习的来龙去脉。其目的在于帮助学生对所学的知识进行一次回忆、起加深印象、增强记忆的作用。如：Unit 19 （integrating skills ） Farming and gardening1. About Jia Si xie lived in the 6thcentury was born in Yidu ,Shangdong Province collected studied it spent his time on did experiments and learned from 2. About Qi Min Yao Shu (about farming and gardening)*About growing green vegetables and fruit trees;*About keeping cows, sheep and fish *About making wine 3. About Jia Sixies advice*Do things at the right time of*Improve the soil if not good*Clean ground before sowing *Remove weeds Autumn plough*Plough the soil Spring plough *Change the crops in the field *Wheat be planted close together *Grow plans next to each other 4.悬念式“导出”在课堂教学结束时我有意设置一些带有启发性的疑问，造成悬念引起学生的求知欲，能让学生对课本知识做适当的延伸和扩展。激励学生去读一些与课文内容相近的阅读材料。如：Unit 1 Good Friends（reading Chucks Friends）的导出来说明这个问题。Discussion How would you feel you if you were alone on a deserted island?Angry /desperate/lonely/ hungry /worried/ hopeful/ happy/ afraidHave you seen the film Robinson Crusoe?How did the character survive? How did he rescue?又如：在学完Getting To Know Steven Spielberg 我要求学生就Jurassic Park做一个总结（见下表），借此引导学生对本单元所学知识内容做适当的延伸和扩展，为学生以后的学习做铺垫。如：根据本图的内容对下一课的教学内容进行预习，并且模仿此图勾画出下一课的学习内容。这样能够丰富学生的想象力，激发学生预习下一课的兴趣。Jurassic ParkEnglish name : Jurassic Park Written by :David Koepp, Micheal CrichonDirector by: Steven Spielberg Produce by : Kathleen Kennedy, Gerald R.Molen Written by: David Koepp, Awards: Academy Awards (1993)Best sound, best sound effects Best Visual Effects Publics Favorite Film , Popularity Prize5.练习式“导出”这种导出方法的好处在于通过练习形式把所学内容巩固提高，学生必须动手、动眼、动脑才能解决问题。这样导出既能了解学生的语言知识有能看出他们的理解能力。如：学完Unit 8 Sports （reading）以后，我设置了短文填空的练习作为本节课的导出，效果非常明显，学生也很欢迎。（文中划线部分为答案） The Olympic GamesThe Olympic Games are the biggest sport meeting in the world. There are two kinds of Olympic Games. One is the summer Olympic Games, and the other is the Winter Olympics. Both of them are held every four years.The old Olympic Games began around the year 776 BC in Greece. At that time there were not so many sports as today. And women were not allowed to take part in the games. But now there are many new sports in the Olympics. Just in the Summer Olympics there are more than 300 different sports. And women are also allowed to join in the games. They even compete for medals with men in some of the games.再如：Unit 9 Technology （ reading ） Life on the go 我设计阅读理解练习来结束课文。1. “Life on the go” refers to a lifestyle where people are always doing the following except_.A. rushing from one place to anotherB. doing many things at the same timeC. going to work by bus, train or undergroundD. using mobile phones and laptop2. Mobile phones are popular among teenagers NOT because _.A. its cool and fun to have one B. it makes them feel safer to own oneC. its easy for to get in touch with theirs friends or family membersD. it makes it possible for them to send text messages at class3. Cellphone are not allowed in schools because _.A. they look cool and fashionable B. they can changed the way students behave C. they are not properly used by some studentsD. students parents are strongly against them4. According to the passage, the functions of cellphone do NOT include_.A. sending words and imagesB. looking for on