英语教材-程瑞量.doc

Unit 6 CementText: One Composition and Hydra ration of Oil well CementThe article is related to the functions, basic composition, classification and sorts of oil well cement. Oil will cement is one of principal cementing engineering materials in petroleum ground. The rules and statutes for the matter of ingredient, capabilities, features, categories and standards of oil will cement are specifically stipulated by the American Petroleum Institute and the International Association of Drilling Contractors, the authoritative institutions in petroleum in the world. Oil will cement is mainly used for closing off some abnormally high pressure oil, gas or water-bearing deposits and some complex formations, such as salt beds, gypsum or anhydrite bed, red waxy shale, swelling shale cavernous limestone and dolomite and large-grain, bad-gel and loose-structure sandstone, sandstone grit, shifting sand and gravel beds, the very porous and permeable formations. These cavey formations and lost-circulation formations are cemented with casing together, ensuring successfully drilling progress, and keeping production zone from damaging when the well is completed. So oil well cement plats a strategical part in drilling successfully.Mineral Components of Oil Well CamentAt present oil well cement employed extensively is silicate cement. It is also termed as Portland cement. The raw and processed materials of this cement are mede up of limestone, clay and a little iron core. These orade materials are mixed in cirtain proportion, calcined at 13501450 high temperature in a kiln, and making up a clinker in whch caloium silicate plays the primary composition. After cooling, a small amount of gypsum and other compornds ate added for specific improvement of the seting time of cement. They are grornd into fine (abrasive) powder, and made up the silicate cement widely used in oil well in petroleum ground.Cement clinker is mainly composed of four kinds of mineral compositions.1. Three Calcium Oxide Silica.The molecular formula of the three calcium oxide silica is 3CaOSiO2, C3S is usually short for 3CaOSiO2. This component in clinker of cement accounts for 4060%, C3S is major compound from which cement strengths are derived. C3S can improve the high initial strength of cement. So the cement whose high initial strength is higher possesses a high proportion in C3S.2.Two Calcium Oxide SilicaThe molecular formula of the two calcium oxide silica is 2CaOSiO2. It can be called C2S for short. The component of C2S accounts for 1535%. C2S hydrates slowly, its hydration velocity is slowest, and its strength increases slowly, too. C2S can increases the strength of cement gradually for a long time. Although the high initial strength of C2S is very slow, its high final strength is very high.3. Three Calcium Oxide Aluminium OxideThe molecular formula of it is 3CaOAL2O3. C3A is usually short for 3CaOAL2O3. Although C3A only has a small proportion of 615% in cement clinker, C3A occupies a very important place in promoting cement hydration. C3A is an essential factor that determines the initial set and the thickening time of cement It plays a very important part in forming cement high initial strength. Its setting time is controlled by gypsum (CaSO4H2O). Notice that the final product of C3A of high sulfate-resistant cement is no more than 3%. The less C3A in cement, the stronger ability to resistanting sulfate corrosion.4. Four Calcium Oxide Aluminium Oxide Ferric OxideThe molecular fomula of four calcium oxide aaluminium oxide ferric oxide is 4CaOA2O3FeO3 It is also called C4AF for short. C4AF, the mineral material accounts for 310%. It has little influence in building up cement strength.Hydration Reaction of Mineral Compositions of Oil Well CementWhen water is added to the dry cement clinker, and they are stirred sufficiently, complex hydrolysis and hydration reaction of mineral compositions occur. The hydration resultants react each other again, the second reaction. As a great amount of hydration product is being separated out. The slurry will be getting thick, coagulating and finally hardening into solid cement stone. This process can be roughly divided into three periods:1. Peptizing periodWhen water is added to dry cement, dissolution and hydration reaction occur on the particle surfaces. The concentration of hydration resultants increases quickly. When hydration reaction reaches saturation state, the parts of hydration products separate out in micelle and small crystal. The slurry becomes sol system.2.Coagulating periodAs hydration reaction continues, colloid particles increase markedly and gather. Parts of crystals begin to link. Making the sol system form gel structure gradually. The slurry loses(fluidity) mobility and coagulates quickly.3. Hardening periodAs the hydration reaction goes deep, plenty of crystals separate out continuously, bond each other, make the colloid compress tightly and the strength increase, and harden into tiny crystal structure of cement stone.There are the very differences between the hydration speed and the bonding strength for the different mineral compositions in the cement clinker, as table l.Table l Hydration Speed and High Initial Strength for Mineral Composition in Cement Clinker.MineralcompositionsHydration content forThree days, %Compressive strength forThree days, kg/cm2C3S36247C3S75C3A8377C4AF70117The hydration speed of C3A is falter. And its high initial strength is higher. The hydration speed of C2S is the slowest in the four kinds of materials. It implies the high initial strength of C2S is very low, but its high final strength is higher. So improvement of the cement mineral compositions can adjust the coagulating speed and heighten the cement stone strength.New Words and Expressions1.rilateri leit v.讲述；把关联起来；使联系；有关系2.stature sttjutn.法令；法规；规章；条例3.inguedientin gridiant n.组成部分，成分，要素；拼料4.capability keipa biliti n.潜在能力；性能；才能5.stipulate stipjuleit v.规定；约定，保证；订约6.category ktigari n.种类；类别；类目；部门；范畴7.instituiate institjut v.协会；学会；研究所；会址8.authoritative ritetiv a.权威的；当局的；官方的9.depositedi pzit n.矿藏；矿床；寄存；沉积物；存储者10.waxy wksi a.蜡状的；蜡的；柔顺的11.anhydriten haidrait n.硬石膏；无水石膏12.swellswell v.膨胀；变大；壮大；隆起；骄傲，趾高气扬13.cavernous kvanasa.凹的，塌的；多洞穴的14.dolimite dlamaitn.白云岩（石）15.geldel n.胶结；胶凝；16.gritgrit n.粗砂；砂砾；砂粒；粗砂岩17.shiftift v.变动；移动；改变；更换；换档18.gravel grval n.砾石；砂砾层19.porous pras a.多孔的；有气孔的；孔隙的20.permeable pamiabl a.能渗透（透过）（穿过）的21.cavey keivi a.易坍塌的（地层）22.strategicalstra tidikal a.战略上的，策略上的，重要的23.calcine klsain v.煅烧；焙烧24.kilnkiln n.窑25.clinker klika n.熟料；渣块；烧结块26.abrasivea breisiv n.磨料；金刚砂27.silica silika n.二氧化碳28.silicate silikit n.硅酸盐29.molecularmau lekjula a.分子的；由分子形成的30.formula fmjula n.式；公式；定则；处方；配方31.derivedi raiv v.得到；导出；由来；推论32.the high initial strength早期强度33.hydrate haidreit v.水化（合）34.high final strength后期强度35.promotepra maut v.增进；促进；振兴；提拔；推广36.initial set初凝37.sulphate slfeit n.硫酸岩38.ferric ferik a.铁的；正（铁）的；三价铁的Text: Casing and Cementing 下套管和注水泥1. Drilling for oil or gas involves two main objectives: (1) to bore a hole to the petroleum accumulation, and (2) to install a pipe from the reservoir to the surface. The pipe is called casing, and it is usually cemented to insure a pressure-tight connection to the oil or gas reservoir. Casing in a well has six important functions:(1) To prevent caving of the hole.(2) To prevent contamination of fresh water in upper sands by fluids from lower zones.(3) To exclude water from the producing formation.(4) To confine production to the well bore.(5) To provide a means of controlling well pressure.(6) To permit installation of artificial lift equipment for producing the well.2. With the cable-tool method numerous strings of casing were set as a well was drilled. But one principal advantage of the rotary method is the fact that much more open hole can be drilled than was ever possible with cable tools. In rotary drilling today open hole can ordinarily be drilled as far as desired because of the better quality muds available.3. The cost of casing is often the greatest single item of expense on a well, and the casing used in a typical well may represent a very large investment. Selection of casing sizes, weights, grades, and types of threaded connections for a given situation constitutes an engineering and economic problem of considerable importance.4. The practice of cementing casing was started about 1903 in California, but the modem method of cementing casing off bottom dates from 1920 when Erie Halliburton cemented a well in the Hewitt Field, Oklahoma, for W.G. Skelly.5. In 1930 there was only one kind of cement and no additives. Today there are 8 types of cement and more than 40 additives. Bulk-cement handling is standard procedure, and blends are tailored for specific jobs.6. Waiting-on-cement time has been reduced from ten days in the 1920s to less than 24 hours. Squeeze cementing, introduced in the 1930s is now regular procedure for plugging perforations, shutting off water, etc. The use of scratchers and centralizers for improved cementing of casing was started by 1940 and gained widespread engineering attention after World War II.New Words and Expressionslobjectivea.物体的；客观的2boren孔，内孔，内径3accumulationn堆积，聚集4pressure-tight不透压的，不透气的，耐压的5contaminationn污染，污染物；杂质，混杂，毒害；拼凑6confinev限制，封闭，约束7artificiala人工的，人造的，人为的；模拟的，假的8everad(用于比较级之后)以往，迄今，有史以来9openhole裸眼井，未下套管的井段10accountv代替，表示；是，有；意味11investmentn投资12constitutev构成，组成，建立，制定；选定13cementing casing固井14California(地名)加利福尼亚(美国的个州)15daten日期；时代16Erie Halliburton(人名)厄尔哈里伯顿17Hewitt Field赫威特油田18Oklahoma(地名)俄克拉何马（美国的一个洲）19Skelly(人名)斯克利20bulk-cement散装水泥21blendlv混合22tailorv编织，制造23waiting-on-cementtime 候凝时间24squeezev挤压，塞入25plugn塞，旋塞；塞流；水泥塞26perforationn射孔27shutv(shut，shut)关闭，封闭28scratchern刮管器，刮泥器29centralizern扶正器，定中心器30gainn增量，利益；盈余31widespreada普遍的，广泛的Text: Oil Well Cements and Additives 油井水泥和水泥添加剂1. Portland cement is the type most widely used in oil wells. It is manufactured by sintering together at high temperature finely ground limestone and clay or shale. After cooling, the clinker is ground; gypsum and other compounds are added for specific improvement of the basic material. Cement hydration (reaction with water) begins when water is added and the powdered cement gradually sets to a solid as hydration continues. After hydration begins, initiating the setting, the process slows and the strength of the set cement continues to increase for many days. All brands of a given class of cement are chemically similar, but minor variations may be enough to alter the desired response when used with certain additives; therefore, cements should be tested under simulated well conditions to obtain the best results. The physical properties such as setting time. compressive and tensile strengths, etc, are mainly functions of the cement composition, fineness of grind, water-cement ratio, temperature, and pressure. Heat has an accelerating effect on the setting: and pressures over 3,000 psi shorten the setting time. Theoretically only 10%20% water by weight (compared to dry cement) is required to set and harden cement, but usually 30%40% is employed to prepare a pumpable slurry.2. Generally, additives are used with basic cements in order to: alter setting time; change slurry density; lower the water loss characteristic; improve flow properties; improve the strength of the bond with the pipe; or serve other purposes. Some of the additives commonly employed with oil well cement are found from the drilling manual. 3. Accelerators include calcium chloride, sodium chloride, seawater, and various trade-name products. Commercial retarders include chemicals similar to mud thinners such as lignosulfonates, etc. Low density slurrise are prepared with bentonite, pozzolan-type materials, Gilsonite (an asphalt-like material) and other light-weight substances. Bentonite is the most common, used in concentrations of up to 35% with various other additives. Pozzolan-cement mixtures may be obtained in various percentages to obtain light-weight slurries that are stronger than Portland. High-density slurries may be obtained by using barites, iron oxide, or other heavy-weight materials. Water-loss of slurry may be reduced with bentonite or powdered cellulose materials. 4. Liquid latex is used to reduce the water-loss characteristic of a compound and to improve the bonding qualities. Tradename chemicals are available from the various cementing service companies for reducing the apparent viscosity of cement slurries in order to make them easier to pump. Finally, various granular and flake-type additives are employed for plugging lost circulation zones. Typical granular materials include Gilsonite and nut hulls; shredded cellophane is a common flake material used. Fast-setting cements are sometimes used for plugging large holes or fractures. New Words and Expressions1.Portland cement普通水泥，波特兰水泥，硅酸水泥2.widelyad广泛地 3.sinterv烧结4.limestonen石灰岩，石灰石5.clinkern熔渣，烧结块6.gypsumn石膏7.hydrationn水化合作用8.reactionn反应；反作用；反力9.initiatevt开始，引进，发动，促使10.brandn商标，牌号；品种11.alterv改变，变更，修改12.responsen回答；特性曲线，灵敏度；反响13.simulatev模拟，模型化14.finenessn细度，精度，光洁度15.groundn地面16.theoreticallyad在理论上，理论地17.by weight按重量计18.comparev比较，对照；相当于，比得上19.preparev准备，预备，配制，制造20.pumpablea可泵送的，可抽的，可排出的21.slurryn稀(泥，砂)浆；水泥浆22.characteristic a特色的，表示特性的，有特色的23.bond v& n结合，粘结，胶结，化合24.as follows 如下(所述)25.acceleratorn加速器；速凝剂26.seawatern海水27.tradename商品名28.commerciala商业的；工业的；大批生产的29.retardern缓凝剂30.thinnern稀释剂(降凝剂)31.waterloss滤失量32.bentoniten膨润土33.pozzolann火山灰34.Gilsoniten(商品名)硬沥青水泥添加剂35.asphalt-likea沥青似的，沥青质的36.iron oxide氧化铁37.latexn乳胶液38.granulara颗粒状的，晶粒状的39.lost circulation zone漏层，井漏地层40.nutn螺母；坚果41.hulln皮；壳；船体；机身42.shredn碎片；少量43.cellophanen塞璐玢，玻璃纸44.fracturev& n破裂；断裂；压裂；裂缝Text: Conventional Primary CementingThis is flow chart for conventional cementing. We all know better the technological process of the original cementing. Although this outmoded cementing techniques has been out of step with the change with each passing day in cementing techniques at present, it is the predecessor of cementing techniques, and it is basic cementing method. It is necessary for engineers and technicians in cementing to learn about it.Note, the cement head in the flow chart is a single plug cement head. This cement head has eliminated through selection or competition in Dagang oilfield. A double-plug cement head came into use in this field long before. And this cement head finds widely applications in petroleum ground home or overseas. But this basic cementing techniques with the single-plug cement head can help us to learn about the basic principle of conventional primary cementing.Arrangement of Cementing Well Head ToolsScrew off the cement head cap, putting the rubber plug into the cement head, screw on the head cap. Connect the assembled cement head to the landing joint connected to the casing in the bore hole. Install the two major valves, the two flow meters, the two tees and the bent sub .And then make the side of tee on the right connect to the Kelly hose used in drilling. Connect the 3 hose to the bent sub on the left. The other side of the hose is connected to the drillpipe. Sometimes the drillpipe is made up of a single, a double or thribble according to the length of 3hose and the height of substructure. Another side of drillpipe is connected to the crossover sub. The type of this tool joint is 411410. It is an internal flush tool joint. The inner diameter of it is 4 1/2.Another side of the tool joint is connected to the side of the delivery manifold. The delivery manifold is used for distributing high pressure slurry that comes from the cement trucks. Exactly, it is used for converging the high pressure slurry that comes from the two cement trucks, making it go into the borehole. The diagrammatic delivery manifold can be connected with three high pressure lines. It can meet three cement trucks squeezing slurry cot the some time.Arrangement of squeezing Slurry devicesArranging cement truck is also very important to cement job. Arrangement cement truck means kinds of vehicles used in cementing should take their place where they should be. Cement trucks should park beside the delivery manifold as near as possible. The two cement trucks should parallel each other. They basically form symmetry to the delivery manifold. After finishing parking cement trucks, cement tank trucks and supply water truck, the installation of cement jet mixers and mixing pits should be done. And then connect rinds of cementing lines. Note, the supply water truck con provide fresh water for the two cement trucks with the help of the low pressure distributor at the same time. The fresh water that comes from supply water truck and the water source is distributed into two tributaries at the low pressure distributor. The two tributaries separately go into each water tank on the cement truck through each low pressure line. So the low pressure distributor is used for distributing fresh water to the two cement trucks. Note, the distributor can distribute fresh water to three cement trucks at the same time. When it distributes water to two cement trucks, one of distributing holes is plugged with screw plug.The cement truc