第二节 动词不定式与.doc

第二节 动词不定式与“V - ing”形式在写作中的运用一、 动词不定时动词不定式由“to +动词原形”构成。它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，同时也保留动词的特征。在书面语中，动词不定式及不定式短语（不定式加上它的宾语或状语构成）使用相当广泛。训练1：动词不定式的用法。(1) To punish her would not be fair.(2) It is not an easy thing to master a language.(3) We are planning to collect money for the new library.(4) Do you have anything to say for yourself?(5) One of our main tasks is to improve our writing.(6) We must do everything we can to help them.(7) The teacher wants all of us to make rapid progress.(8) I hate to see you to leave so soon.(9) The actor doesnt want anything to answer at the party.(10) They made it clear to everyone to protect our plants.归纳：不定式在句子中可以做_、_、_和_【注一】 写作时要注意只有部分及物动词之后可以接动词不定式作宾语，这类动词在第一章第四节中已经归纳过，为了强化记忆这里再重述一下：want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, begin, forget, promise, pretend, decide, learn, agree, choose, expect 等。【注二】 在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等及物动词后的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。训练2：用不定式表达下列汉语句子。（1）我的愿望是上大学。 _（2）我用了三天时间记完了这些单词。 _（3）当她正要去摘花时，突然落入河水中。 _（4）记住把它包好，签名并写祝愿词。 _（5）在剧中它扮成双目失明。 _（6）我想在假期找点书看。 _（7）孩子们听到这个消息高兴地跳起来。 _（8）她请我再打一次电话。 _（9）让我来替你做。 _（10）我想让你用英语回答这个问题。 _训练3：先分析英语短文中的不定式用法，然后尽量使用不定式按汉语提示完成下面的书面表达。 （1）I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about my school. On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be, now stands a new library. There are all kinds of books for us to read. I hope you will come and see for yourself some day.（2）当她正考虑晚饭后是否外出时，看到桌上一份写给她的便条上说，今晚七点本校礼堂举办英语晚会，请她出席，届时让她就学生如何学好英语的情况提出建议。 _ _ _ _二、V-ing 形式V-ing 形式具有名词和形容词特征，同时也保留动词特征。在书面语中，它的使用也相当广泛。训练1：观察归纳V-ing 形式在下列各句中的用法。 （1）Finishing such heavy work is impossible for a five-year-old boy.（2）my favourite sport is skating.（3）I suggest organizing a trip to the Great Wall.（4）Have you been used to living in the mountains?（5）There is a swimming pool in the east of the playground.归纳：V-ing 形式分别在句中做_、_、_和_。这里它具有_特征。【注】写作时要注意：只有部分及物动词后可以接V-ing 形式作宾语。作介词宾语是它最常见的用法。请熟记下列可接V-ing 形式而不接不定式作宾语的及物动词：advise, avoid, cant help, consider, enjoy, escape, excuse, favour, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep(on), mind, miss, practise, put off, suggest, require 等。训练2: 观察并归纳下列句中V-ing 形式及V-ed形式的用法。（1）Beijing opera is very moving.（2）He was surprised to find his room cleaned and everything in good order.（3）Im reading a very interesting book.（4）The students working in the factory will be back tomorrow.（5）Looking out of the window, I saw groups of Young Pioneers passing by the house.归纳：V-ing 与V-ed形式分别在句中做_、_和_。这里它具有_特征。 【注一】V-ing 形式表示主语（或逻辑主语）主动发出或正在进行的动作。V-ed形式表示与主语（或逻辑主语）间的被动关系，或已完成的动作。【注二】单个的V-ing形式作定语时，放在名词之前；若其短语作定语时则放在所修饰的名词之后。训练3：用V-ing 形式表达下列汉语句子。（1）吸烟有害健康。 _（2）他的工作是修车。 _（3）小时候他喜欢游泳，8岁时就成为广东省的跳水队员。 _（4）游泳池在体育场的北边。 _（5）我疲惫的回到家里。 _（6）他们在那里站了一个钟头看比赛。 _（7）对不起，让你久等了。 _（8）他们住在一个向阳的房间。 _（9）他是个深受大家爱戴的人。 _（10）从小山上看去，小镇显得更美了。 _第三节 一些常见句型在写作这中的运用在英语写作中，大部分要点都可以用一般常用句型准确的表达出来。但是，要写出地道的、流畅的文章，还必须注意平时积累一些常见的句型，写作时若使用得当，会起到“画龙点睛”的效果。一 感叹句：用来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情。这类句子通常用what或how来引导。句子结构为：What (a) +n. +主语+谓语动词How +adj. or adv. +主语+谓语动词训练：用感叹句型表达下列句子。1多好的一餐啊！ _2看到庄家与蔬菜长的很好，我们是多么高兴啊！ _3这女孩唱的多好啊！ _4孩子们怎么这么吵！ _5这幅画真美啊！ _ 二 祈使句：用来表示命令、要求、劝告等。训练：用祈使句型表达下列句子。1请你把礼品包装好、签名并写几句祝愿词。 _2跨过小河向右拐。 _3明天一定来看我！ _4咱们今天晚饭后看电影去。 _5请不要紧张。 _三 强调句型：句型结构为：It is (was) +被强调部分+that (who)。如被强调的是人，后面用who或that；若被强调的是物或其他情况，则用that。训练：将下列句子变为强调句型。（划线词为要求强调部分）1. Our brave Ah Fu had saved my little sister. _2. I met Tom in the park yesterday. _3. Im looking for my pen. _4. We are working hard at English because its very useful. _四 一些与形容词、副词比较级、最高级有关的句型：表示“相等”用asas;表示“不相等”用not so (as)as;表示二者比较用“比较级+than”;表示二者以上比较用“the+最高级 +表示范围的短语或从句”。除了以上这些基本句型要熟练掌握外，还要学会运用一些特殊句型。如：表示“几倍于”用twice, three times等+ asas;表示“越来越”用more and more;表示“越，就越”用the more the more训练：用括号中所要求的句型表达下列汉语句子。1. 我认为英语与语文一样重要。（asas） _2. 天安门广场过去没有现在这样大。（not so/asas） _3. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍。（four times + asas） _4. 哥哥的英语比我学的好。（比较级+ than） _5. 在所有的学科中我最喜欢英语和电脑，而且非常擅长。（the+最高级+范围） _6. 这是我看过的最好的电影。（the+最高级+范围） _7. 他对运动越来越有兴趣了。（more and more） _8. 你学习越努力，取得的进步就越大。（the morethe more） _五 “It is +adj.+不定式”句型：这是一个由代词it代替后面不定式作主语的句子结构，很常用。为了便于掌握，可以作为一个句型去记忆。训练：用“It is +adj.+不定式”句型表达下列汉语句子。1. 一些学生认为学英语很重要，可是另一些学生则认为不必学英语。 _2. 学生完成家庭作业后看电视是有好处的。 _3. 你来帮助我们是很好的。 _4.作为一名工程师掌握一门外语是多么必要啊！ _六 “It is said/ reportedthat”句型：这是一个由引词it代替后面从句作主语的句子结构，也很常用。最好也作为一个句型去掌握。训练：用“It is said/ reportedthat”句型表达下列汉语句子。1据说那里的村民现在很富了。 _2据今天报纸报导美国总统将来我国访问。 _3一般认为，世界上有十亿人是以农业为生的。 _4众所周知，杭州是个美丽的地方。 _七“Will you (please)?”与“would you like?”句型：表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求。“Shall we ?”句型：用来征询对方意见。 训练：用“Will you (please)?”或“Shall we ?”句型表达下列汉语句子。1请把笔记本给我寄来好吗？ _2请您回答我这些问题好吗？ _3您愿意为我打开窗户好吗？ _4晚饭后咱们去散步好吗？ _八“be doing when?”句型:表示“正在这时，突然”这里when为并列连词（= and then）。为便于掌握，最好也作为一个特殊句型去记忆。在记叙文写作中，常常会用到它。 训练：用“be doing when”句型表达下列汉语句子。1妹妹正要去摘花，突然跌入河中。 _2我正沿着公园路朝东走，这时一个老人突然从公园出来。 _3我正沿着大街散步，突然碰见我的一位老朋友。 _4我们正要进城，突然下起雨来。（be about to do when） _ 类似以上的句型或习语在英语中很常见，平常学习时要注意记忆、归纳，并运用到书面表达中去，努力做到“不套句型不组句”、写出地道的、英语文章来。第四节 克服母语干扰，“活译”汉语 我们生活在汉语环境中，我们头脑中汉语表达习惯的“沉积层”太厚，而英语表达习惯几乎谈不上什么“沉积层”，只是一些“漂浮物”，因而作为一名高中生，写作中不可避免的受到汉语思维方式的影响，所以在写作训练中，应克服母语语法、词法的干扰，“活译”汉语。一、 词法英语不同于汉语的显著特点之一就是其特有的词形变化。如动词一般现在时的第三人称单数，时态与语态，非谓语动词；名词的单复数，名词前冠词的运用；代词的格；形容词、副词的级等。而汉语无这类变化。另外克服母语干扰，还需注意汉语词义在不同英语语境里的准确等当的表达。如“实际”一词在英语中就有real, actual, true, practical等词与之对应。而在We should be _ （实际）and buy only what we can afford.中只能用practical.训练1：改正下列句子中使用名词或冠词时常见的错误，并说出为什么。(1) Your hairs are too long. Go and have them cut.(2) Swimming is a great fun in summer.(3) My mother is always busy with her houseworks.(4) Brown has good knowledge of the English language.(5) Inks, papers, soaps and breads are sold in this shop.(6) The classrooms windows are big and bright.(7) He has bought three furnitures.(8) Most of students have read this book.(9) Wang Ming takes active part in the sports after the school.(10) The people in south prefer the rice to the flour.训练2：改正下列句子中使用动词时常见的错误，并说出为什么。(1) I saw him enter into the room.(2) He has lost his pen for a week.(3) Could you tell me if it rains tomorrow?(4) Im understanding this sentence now.(5) When I arrived home, my brother listened to the radio.(6) This story was happened in 1951.That story was taken place before libration.(7) The plan will discuss at the next meeting.(8) All the students succeeded to pass the exam.(9) Washing their hands, the children sat down to dinner.(10) He looks very tired. He must go to bed too late last night.训练3：改正下列句子中使用形容词、副词时常见的错误，并说出为什么。(1) His handwriting is very well.(2) Mary is taller than the girls in her class.(3) The ill teacher is having a talk with the doctor.(4) We had a chemical class today.(5) The boy very liked the chicken. He ate very much and became ill.(6) I received your letter three days before.(7) Lets cheer the victory altogether.(8) Im sorry I know a little English.(9) We must make as fewer mistakes as possibly.(10) We saw a woman standing nearby the river.训练4：改正下列句子中使用代词、连词、介词时常见的错误，并说出为什么。(1) His both arms were broken in the accident.(2) My that dictionary was bought last year.(3) - What time is now? - Now is seven.(4) The woman covered eyes with hands.(5) He said he had written to me, but I didnt receive it.(6) This morning he didnt do morning exercises and play basketball.(7) Because he fell ill, so he didnt go to school yesterday.(8) I saw the good news on the newspaper yesterday.(9) Whats the difference of meaning of the two words?(10) Across the stream and turn to right. After walking for a while youll come till a hill.二、句法由于受汉语的影响，在写作中，学生普遍存在着以下几种错误现象：忽视句子的链接；忽视句子的平衡结构；忽视非谓语动词作状语与主句主语的一致；对定语从句与非谓语动词作定语、介词短语作定语的转换掌握不好；句中词序安排不当；句中出现主谓语不一致或谓语不全、谓语结构与语态不正确等毛病，如I born in , I was studied, I very good at 等。训练1：改正用英语表达下列句子时所出现的错误。(1) 我们班有些人喜欢唱歌跳舞，有些人喜欢体育运动。 Some of the students in our class likes singing and dancing, other likes sports.(2) 早睡早起是好习惯。 Going to bed early and getting up early are a good habit.(3) 数学是我最喜欢的学科之一。 Maths are one of the subjects I like best.(4) 明天下午将又一次团体会议。 Tomorrow afternoon will have a League meeting.(5) 我以前从未碰到过这样的难题。 I never met with a such difficult problem before.(6) 你要身体健康，就得努力锻炼。 You want to be in good health, you must train hard.(7) 我昨天在人民公园遇见了我的一位朋友。 I met a friend of me yesterday in the Peoples Park.(8) 起初我感到这本书很难懂。 At first I felt very difficult to understand this book.训练2：改正下列不合逻辑的句子。(1) 学习外语必须循序渐进。 To learn a foreign language must be step by step.(2) 读到信时，她的心往下一沉，简直站不住了。 When she read the letter, her heart sank and could hardly stand.(3) 李明出生在一个贫农家庭，十二岁时，他父亲死了。 Li Ming was born in a poor peasants family. At twelve, his father died.(4) 老板使我叔叔失去了工作，几乎使他变成乞丐。 The boss made my uncle lose his job and almost became a beggar.(5) 吃了早饭后，开始上两节物理课。 After breakfast, two physics classes will begin.(6) （他们）做这件事时，还有不少困难。 While doing the work, there were many difficulties ahead.三、“活译”汉语 英语“书面表达”不同于普通作文，它要求根据汉语提示或图画等提供的情景，用自己最熟悉、最有把握的词语和句型将规定的内容要点加以表达。在表达中，要防止把英语的单词或词组生硬地按照汉语思维的习惯来遣词造句。同时，拿不准的词语或句型，也可采用“回避”办法，在不改变原有意思的前提下，改换另一种表达方式。训练1：改正用英语表达下列句子时所出现的用词错误或汉语式英语。(1) 请把你的话再讲一遍。 Please repeat again what you have said.(2) 这次参观在我心中留下了一个深刻印象。 This visit has remained a deep impression on my mind.