研究生英语语法结构分析.doc

Some alternatives to make for yourself:1. see the glass as half-full or half empty?2. focus your eye on the doughnut or on the hole?3. make difficulties of your opportunities or vice versa/or the other way round (make opportunities of your difficulties)?4. see only the dark side of the clouds/ dont see the clouds at all /see both sides?5. stay up until midnight to see the new year in? Or stay up to make sure the old year leaves? Par. One:Scrutinize the power of positive thinking: have a closer examination of what optimism can bring about仔细观察积极思维所起的作用She leaned forward to scrutinize their faces.向前探身，仔细端详其面容。S the documents before sending them in.上交前仔细审查这些文件。他的观点经不起认真推敲。His argument doesnt stand up to scrutiny. Par. 2:A large body/group of people一大批人A large body/amount of information/research/evidence大量的信息/研究/证据Pessimist is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness.悲观与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。(Line 3-4)Inoculate: protect a person/animal from catching a particular disease by injecting a vaccine （vksi:n）接种；打预防针近义词：immunize ( imju:naiz )sb. against 使有免疫能力Ill: (n.) (pl.)指疾病(complaint, disease, ailments, illness)、问题、弊端(abuse)：social ills; economic ills; the ills of the modern world现代世界的弊端 Par. 3Count: have weight; carry weight; be weightyEg. Isolated instances do not count.个别情况不算数。贵在心意/礼轻情意重。Its the thought that counts. (a small but kind action of a gift)Par. 5Be impressed by: 被深深感动; 对什么留下很深的印象Eg. Its nothing to be impressed by没有什么了不起的。It is hard not to be impressed by his talents and passion. 很难不被他的才学和激情所打动。Par. 6Look for loopholes寻找漏洞Loopholes: （法律上的）漏洞，空子 A loophole in the law is a small mistake which allows people to do something that would otherwise be illegal. exploit some loopholes in the law 钻法律漏洞They tightened the loopholes in those acts. 他们堵住了那些法案中的漏洞。tax loopholes 征税漏洞credit: praise because youre responsible for sth. good that has happened赞扬；认可It is dishonest of you to take credit for work that was done by others. 你把别人所做的工作归功于自己是不诚实的。The shows success was a team effort but she got all the credits! 这次演出成功是集体努力的结果，而功劳却归了她一人！Fluke: 侥幸;意外;偶然; 歪打正着（If you say that something good is a fluke, you mean that it happened accidentally rather than by being planned or arranged.） The discovery was something of a fluke. 这个发现多少有点机缘巧合。By sheer fluke（=by a stroke of luck ）非常凑巧的是Par. 8:Fulfill: realize your dreams/ambition实现梦想/抱负 a duty/promise履行职责/诺言(c.f. Fulfilling: (a.)令人满足的. Eg. A fulfilling experience有成就感的经历)A self-filling prophecy一个自我实现的预言/自我应验的预言：one that becomes true because people expect it to be true and behave in a way that will make it happen.Eg: 你如果预期失败/成功，就会失败/成功。这是一种自我应验的预测。If you expect/anticipate failure (or success), you are bound to. This is a self-fulfilling prophecy.Positive or negative, it was a self - fulfilling prophecy. 无论是肯定的还是否定的/积极或者消极，都是一种本身会成为事实/能自我实现的预言。But once we decide that were powerless, our passivity will help this self-fulfilling prophecy come true. 但是一旦我们认定自己无能为力，我们的消极被动就会促成这种预言的自我实现。Negative thoughts, attitudes, and expectations feed on themselves; they become a self - fulfilling prophecy. 消极的思想、态度和预想会自我支持/自成因果，成为一种能自我实现的预言。When you predict a negative outcome, you may be creating a self - fulfilling prophecy. 当你预测的是一个消极的结果, 你也许会制造一个“自我实现”的预言。 Par. 9:The litmus test for sth.: In general , the litmus test for separating honesty from corruption in official circles is money . 一般来说， 鉴别官场上廉洁与腐败的试金石是金钱。Reach out for:reach out for your dreams实现梦想reach out for advice征求意见reach out for help求助reach out for the impossible .做那些实在做不到的事情Failure should challenge us to reach out for new heights, not drag us down to depths of despair. 失败应该是挑战我们爬到新高点，而不是拖垮我们进入绝望谷。Never reach out for things that dont belong to you.永远不要伸手拿不属于你的东西。the plaything of fortune 命运的玩物When you feel lonely, your mobile phone maybe your best plaything.当你一个人空虚寂寞时，手机也许是你最好的玩物。Par. 10:Recur/recurring/recurrent/recurrenceEg. Economic crises recur periodically. 经济危机周期性地发生. recurring problemsrecurrent malignant tumor 复发的恶性肿瘤chronic or recurrent bronchitis 慢性或复发性支气管炎 A recurrent headacheRecurrence of his illnessHis encouraging words recurred to my mind whenever I was low.回响Par. 12:Undermine: vt. 破坏； 侵蚀的基础； 暗中破坏； 冲蚀，削弱Eg.Offering too much advice will undermine her feeling of being adult. 会让她觉得自己不像个成年人His opponents/rivals are spreading rumors to undermine his authority/ the chances of his success. 暗中破坏他的威信/降低成功的可能性But everywhere corruption and inefficiency undermine implementation of law and social stability. 腐败无能无处不在，破坏了法律的执行，影响了社会的稳定。Immune/immunity/immunize/immunology免疫学He seems to be immune to flattery.We are immune from smallpox as the result of vaccination. 免疫接种The child has received immunity to a variety of infections.对多种感染的免疫能力Par. 13Incline: （使）偏向，倾向于； （使）认为；Eg.I incline to ( take ) the opposite point of view. 我倾向于持反对观点. I incline to/toward the view that he is right. 我倾向于认为他是正确的。We are inclined to make some unwise investment choices. 在投资上我们很可能会作出一些不明智的决定Grow out of: 1) develop from; 2) become too big to fit intoEg. The idea of the book grew out of a visit to India.本书的构思源于到印度的一次访问。Hes grown out of (=outgrown) these shoes.Hell soon wetting the bed/sucking his thumbs. （改掉尿床/嘬大拇指的毛病）Par. 15Landmark: 1）路标；里程碑；2）adj. 有代表性的；有重大意义或深远影响的This event represents a landmark in world history. 是世界历史上的一个里程碑Try to formulate your own position as you read these landmark statements on the problem. 读到关于这一问题的代表性论述时,努力去建构自己的观点吧. Flounder: vi. 挣扎；举步维艰；不知所措；floundering about in the water 在水中挣扎Floundering people may try to grasp at any straw. 病急乱投医。Par. 19Leads: 可数名词线索；头绪 The inquiry team is following up possible leads after receiving 400 calls from the public. 在接到民众400个热线电话后，调查组亦在对可能的线索进行追踪。Par. 20Trial and error 反复试验；不断摸索；从失败中找到解决办法Children learn to use computer programs by and . 通过反复摸索学会运用计算机程序A successful design takes a lot of and . 成功的设计需要反复摸索。learn to swim through trial and error 通过反复适应才能学会游泳Part Summary12 Introduction to the Research Problem: An increasing number of researches have been conducted to study the power of positive thinking. Psychologists believe that teaching people to think more positively is like inoculating them against mental ills such as depression, loneliness and shyness.39 The importance of self-confidence in achieving success 3 As pointed by psychologist Scheier, ones self confidence is a more important factor than ones ability in achieving success. One reason why optimists are more likely to succeed is that they deal with problems in different ways than pessimists.45 Example One: Schulmans research. Among the sales representatives in Metropolitan Insurance Co., optimists - both experienced or newly-hired - sold more insurance than pessimists. 7 Example Two: Andersons research. When unable to obtain blood donation for Red Cross, pessimists give up readily while optimists try a different approach.89 Andersons explanation: Negative or positive thinking is a self-fulfilling prophecy. A sense of control is the litmus test for success.1012 Optimism gives people a more healthy life. 10 Example Three: Livys research. Women with breast cancer will live longer if they are optimistic. 11 Example Four: A long-term study on Harvard Graduates. Optimism may prevent diseases. 12 Example Five: Dr. Christopher Petersons findings. The pessimist doesnt take good care of himself, and thus the bodys immune system is undermined.1314 Ones pattern of thinking is learned behavior. Although many people are not easily classified as pessimists or optimists, their way of thinking is a habit acquired since childhood.1516 People can be trained to think more positively. 15 Example Six: Dr. Carol Dwecks work with floundering school children Changing explanations for their failure resulted in improved academic performance. 16 Example Seven: Dr. Levys pilot study with colon-cancer patients. For colon-cancer patients, psychological help to encourage optimism brings a better result than medical treatment alone. 1720 Suggestion for breaking the habit of thinking pessimistically. Psychologist Steve Hollon suggested we try breaking