英国文学复习总结.doc

英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf贝奥武甫-the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster-Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles : “matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table), “matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers) “matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉朗兰- Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas stnz,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer ContributionsFather of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言) suppies a miniature of the English society of Chaucers time. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets Corner”.(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)玫瑰传奇Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)特洛勒斯和克莱西10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟-The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nuns Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革) 2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经) 3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6 Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯莫尔 Utopia乌托邦Utopia is Mores masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of Utopia is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.Bookwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgils Aeneid埃涅伊德,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella爱星者与星星Apology for Poetry为诗辩护5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特罗利) Discovery of Guiaana发现圭亚那,Historty of the world6. the poets poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.The Shepherds Calendar牧羊人日记，Epithalamion新婚颂歌，masterpiece The Faerie Queen仙后7. The Faerie Queen仙后（P42）Spensers grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰黎里）-Euphues优弗依斯was written in a peculiar style known as Euphuism（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）Advancement of Learning 学问的演进 New Instrument新工具-a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)Eassy随笔These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46） Of study论读书10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place. 11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of ones soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama-comedy and tragedy14.University Wits(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time. 15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗马洛 )the most gifted of the University Wits.（P50）Marlowes best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea帖木儿大帝t, The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人 and Doctor Faustus浮士德博士.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowes Literary Achievement（P55）Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.He first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.Marlowes dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本琼森）- Volpone, or the Fox, 福尔蓬奈，或狐狸The Alchemist.炼金术士，Every Man in His Humour个性互异，Bartholomew Fair巴梭罗缪市集（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeares career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦，The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 ，As You Like It皆大欢喜， Twelfth Night第十二夜 are Shakespeares great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。He is tragic, he is the representative of the Jews suffering from racial discrimination and religious persecution他也是可悲的，他是犹太人遭受种族歧视和宗教迫害的代表。4.The Character Analysis of Portia 鲍西亚人物形象分析Portia is a woman of the Renaissance-beautiful, prudent精明的, cultured有教养的, courteous有礼貌的；谦恭的 , resourceful足智多谋的；机智的 , decisive果断的，, independent and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespeares ideal women.5.Historical PlaysHenry V is only one ideal king in Shakespeares historical plays （P72） Henry V is the continuation of Henry IV.（P75）6.great TragediesHamlet哈姆雷特, Othello奥赛罗, King Lear李尔王, and Macbeth 麦克白are Shakespeares great tragedies.7 .Hamlet is considered the summit (巅峰之作)of Shakespeares artThe Character Analysis of Hamlet 哈姆雷特人物形象分析(1)Hamlet is a humanist, he has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven.he cherishes a profound reverence for men,and a firm belief in mens power ang destiny.(P86页，第二段)(2)Starting from his humanist love of man,he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.In his contact with the people ,he cares for nothing but human worth .（P86，第三段）(3)Hamlet is a man of genius,highly accomplished and educated,a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit.He is a scholar ,soldier and statesman.(P87,第二段)The melancholy of Hamlet 哈姆雷特的忧郁(4)His melancholy is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.(书上P87标题下第3行)(5)It is not merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks.What is more important is to expose the roots of the evil and to establish a regain of justice(P87倒数第六行)This ,and this only,is the cause of Hamlets profound melancholy.(P88).8.Features of Shakespeares Dramatic Works1. Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in the world literature. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit.(P91)2. Shakespeare borrowed his plots from old stories of Greek and Roman, Italian and English(P92)3. Shakespeares dramatic works are very elastic. The action develops freely, without being hindered by the classical rules of three unities (i.e. unities of time, place, and action)(P92)4. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the Song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.(P93)5. Shakespeare was a great master of English language. In his drama, he used about 16,000 words. Many of his new coinages and turns of expression have become everyday usage in English life.(P93)9.William Shakespeares sonnets(莎士比亚十四行诗)Shakespeare had written 154 sonnets.Theme : in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry. its theme also for the sigh of life, friendship, love and criticism at social phenomenons. Sonnets end rhyme scheme of: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG It is usual for there to be a pause for thought (the turn) in the sonnets message at the end of each quatrain, especially the 2nd., in order to add tension, with the sonnet resolving to its objective in the final couplet.Part three:The English Bourgrois Revolution1. Puritanisim(清教主义)(P99)The English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak。Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. They closed down London theaters were closed in 1642.John Milton1.His poemsOn the Morning of Christs Nativity（在基督诞生的早上Il Penseroso (幽思的人，Lycidas 利西达斯（expressing the pathos hisfriends premature death and attack the reigion.）(P102)On his Deceased Wife梦亡妻-his only love sonnet2.His pamphlets1.His first entry into political conflict-pamphlets on marriage2. In 1644, Areopagitica论出版自由, it is a declaration of peoples freedom from press.3. Miltons work as the spokesman of the RevolutionDefence of the English People 为英国人民辩护, Second Defence of the English People 为英国人民辩护续篇4. his last pamphlet-The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth建立自由共和国的已有和便捷之路5. His major works: Paradise Lost 失乐园,Paradise Regained 复乐园, Samson Agonistes 力士参孙6. A:The Story of Paradise Lost（P107）Paradise Lost is Miltons masterpiece, It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satans temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.B:Theme and Characterization(P108)The relation between God ,Satan ,Adam and EveThe poem, at the outset, was to justify the ways of God to man,.But the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against Gods authority.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot.Satan who rose against God ,though defeated, still sought for revenge.Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge denied them by God, It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.The Image of Satan(P108-109)The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. As a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds proceed. It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. （P108）Though feebler, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy. Samson Agonistes and Milton（力士参孙和弥尔顿）(P110)Like Samson, Miltion has also suffered from an unwise marriage ,blindness ,persecuted by his enemies,and yet is unconquerable.Miltons contribution(P111)Milton was political in both his life and his art.He was a active pamphleteer of the English Revolution. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence on later English poetry. Milton is a great master of blank verse.He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. Milton is a great stylist. He his famous for his grand style,which is the result of his lifelong classical and biblical study. Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.John Bunyan（约翰班扬）The Pilgrims Progress天路历程 is a religious allegory（宗教寓言）(P114)The travelers name is Christian, and he represents every Christian in human world. Started from the city of Destruction(毁灭之城), through the Slough of Despond（灰心沼泽）, Vanity Fair（名利场）, Doubting Castle（怀疑城堡）, faces and overcomes demon Allpollyon（恶魔阿波尼奥）,finally comes to the Dlelctable Mountains （愉快山脉）and the Celestial City（神圣之城）. The Pilgrims Progress represented that every Christian must go through in the quest for salvation.The Celestial City (神圣之城) is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century.（P115）One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair (名利场)and the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful are described.Here Banyan satirize the state trials of the England (抨击英国国事审判制度)(P115)Metaphysical Poets(玄学派诗人)（P116）The Metaphysical Poets appeared at about the beginning of the 17th century. John Donne is the founder of the Metaphysical School of poetry. The works of these poets are characterized ,by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. (P116)With a rebellious spirit,the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poets beloved,with God,or with himeself. （源于百度百科“玄学派诗歌”）玄学派诗人具有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。诗中的意象都是从现实的生活中提取。诗歌的形式经常都是以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。Cavalier Poets（骑士派诗人）（了解）Another school of poetry prevailing in the period were the Cavalier Poets. Whos poets oftencourtiers and soldiers. They sided with the king to fight against the revolution. John Dryden(约翰德莱顿)-All for love一切为了爱An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗（establish hid position as the leading critic of the day）Part Four:The Eighteenth CenturyEnlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)（P126-127）The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches to place all branches of science at the service of manking by connecting them with the actual needs and requirement of people. Classicism(古典主义)(P128)1.The classicists modeled fixed laws and rules from Greek and Latin writers2.standards of dramathey used rimed couplet instead of blank verse. They observed the three unities-the unities of time, place and action. regularity in constructionthe representation of types3. They thought poetry should lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic and each group should be guided by some peculiar principles. 4.Prose should be precise, direct and flexible.Richard Steele （理查德斯梯尔）The Christian Hero基督教英雄，he first displayed his moralizing sprit(说教热情)In 1709 Steele started a literary periodical named “The Tatler”.闲谈者，to enlighten,as well as to entertain coffeehouse-goers.Steele use the pen name:Isaac Bickerstaff(艾萨克别克斯塔夫): a recluse（隐士）style of expression(表达方式):the correspondence 书信，come out three tim