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1、 Cardinals and Ordinals 基数和序数 (1)基数词的读法 我们先从基数词入手。首先掌握三位以内数字的读法,因为它是多位数字的基础,一旦熟练掌握,再借助一个逗号,便可轻松应付四位以上任何庞大的数字。我们可以通过例子来说明这一点。 35位数的读法 202读作:two hundred(and)two 234读作:two hundred(and)thirty-four 246 two hundred and forty-six 751 seven hundred and fifty-one 1, 234读作:one thousand two hundred(and)thirty four 但是在读法上须注意以下几点: a在英式英语中,一个数的最后两位(十位和个位)得用“and,但美式英语中则不用。如:3,077读作:U.S:three thousand seventyseven b不定冠词“a”只在数的开头才和hundred,thousand等连用。试比较: 146读作:a hundred(and)forty-six 2,146读作:two thousand,one hundred(and)forty six c.1,000这个整数我们说a thousand,在and前我们也说a thousand,但是在一个有百位数的数目前就得说one thousand试比较: 1,031读作:a thousand,(and)thirty-one, 1,150读作:one thousand,one hundred(and)fifty d.hundred,thousand和million这几个词的单数可以和:“a”者“one”连用,但是不能单独使用。在非正式文体中“a”比较常见;当我们说话比较准确的时候就用“one”试比较: I Want to live for a hundred years The journey took exactly one hundred days e.我们常常说eleven hundred(1,100),twelve hundred(1,200)等,而不说one thous and one hundred从1,100到1,900之间的整数,这种说法最常见。 5位以上数字的读法 11,234读作:eleven thousand two hundred(and),thirtyfour 155,721读作:one hundred(and)fifty-five thousand seven hundred(and)twenty-one 6,155,702读作:six million one hundred(and)fifty-five thous and seven hundred and two 26,000,008读作:twenty-six million and eight 326,414,718读作:three hundred(and)twenty-six mil-lion,four hundred(and)four teen thous and,seven hundred(and)eighteen 4,302,000,000读作:four billion three hundred(and)two million 由以上一组数字可以看出,多位数由右向左每3位有一逗号,这个逗号的作用非同小可,在记忆数字时,它可以帮我们很大的忙! 逆向第一个逗号读thousand;向左再推三位,第二个逗号读million;第三个逗号读billion;第四个逗号就是trillion。这几个逗号的作用在于,当我们听到若干thousand时,立即写下这个数,并在其后打一个逗号,并留出3位;当听到若干million,则写下数字,并在其后打一逗号,留出6位;听到若干billion,方法同上,在后面留出9位,后面的million、thousand依此法类推,让所有数字各就其位。 例如,当你听到“twenty thousand and four写出20,“and four”意为后一组仅有个位,即:004,那么,这个数字完整地写下来就是20,004;若听到“six million twenty thousand four hundred and twentythree,”则第一步先写:6,020,再将最后一组423写在第一个逗号后面。完整的翠字为6,020,423。若听到“One billion,one hundred and four million,twenty thousand four hundred and twenty-three”:主第一步写出1,104,第二步接下去写第三组020,第三步二写423,这样得到的完整数字便是1,104,020,423,由此:见这个三位一逗号的作用有多大。只要我们在平时的训练中加强对三位数读写的训练,能分辨“ty”与“teen”,并能借助这个不可缺少的“逗号”,无论数字多么大,也不会对我们造成障碍。 基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现。There are hundreds of people in the hall大厅里有数以百计的人。Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。They went to the theatre in twos and threes他们三三两两地来到了剧院。 基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需要添加定冠词。the first lessonLesson Onethe fifth pagePage 5(five)the twenty-first roomRoom 21(twenty-one) (2)序数词一般情况下,序数词是在基数词后加-th,但有几种特殊情况,可按下面规律来记:1、2、3单独记(即first, second, third),8后少t,9少e(即:eighth, ninth),5、12变-ve为-fth(即fifth, twelfth),整十位数变y为-ie再加-th(如twentieth),二位以上只将个数变序数词(如thirty-second)。序数词第二百two-hundredth第三百three-hundredth第四百four-hundredth第五百five-hundredth第六百six-hundredth第七百seven-hundredth第八百eight-hundredth第九百nine-hundredth第一千(one)thousandth第一千零一thousand and first第二千零三十四two thousand and thirty-fourth第一万ten thousandth第一百万(one)billionth(英作:millionth)第十亿trillionth(英作:billionth)Roman罗马数字Arabic阿拉伯数字读法 Numerals序数词读法 0nought;zero;O I 1 one 1st the first II2two2nd the second III 3three 3rd the third IV 4four 4ththe fourth V 5five 5ththe fifth VI 6six6th the sixth VII 7seven7th the seventh VIII8eight 8th the eighth IX 9nine 9th the ninth X 10ten 10ththe tenth XI 11eleven 11ththe eleventh XII 12twelve12th the twelfth XIII 13thirteen 13th the thirteenth XIV 14fourteen14th the fourteenth XV 15fifteen 15ththe fifteenth XVI 16sixteen 16th the sixteenth XVII 17Seventeen17ththe seventeenth XVIII 18eighteen18th the eighteenth XIX19nineteen19th the nineteenth XX 20twenty 20th the twentieth XXI 21twenty-one 21stthe twenty-first XXV 25twenty-five25th the twenty-fifth XXX30thirty 30th the thirtieth XL 40forty 40th the fortieth L50fifty50th the fiftieth LX 60sixty 60th the sixtieth LXX 70seventy 70th the seventieth LXXX 80eighty 80ththe eightieth XC90ninety 90th the ninetieth IC99ninety-nine 99th the ninety-ninth C 100one hundred 100th the hundredth CI101a hundred and one101stthe (one) hundred and firstCII 102a hundred and two102ndthe (one) hundred and second 134a hundred and thirty-four134ththe(one)hundred and thirty-fourth 十亿以上的大数,英美有不同的读法: 汉语阿拉伯数字次方美式英语英式英语一千 1,000103one thousand 一万 10,000 104ten thousand 十万 100,000 105one hundred thousand百万 1,000,000106one million 千万 10,000,000107ten million 一亿 100,000,000108one hundred million十亿 1,000,000,000109one billion one thousand million百亿10,000,000,0001010ten billion ten thousand million 千亿 100,000,000,0001011one hundred billionone hundred thousand million兆/万亿1,000,000,000,0001012one trillion one billion十兆100,000,000,000,0001014百兆1015A quadrillion京1016百京1018a quintillion10的100次方10100a googol 万 数字后 4 个0亿 数字后 8 个0兆 数字后12个0京 数字后16个0x2 x square, x squared, the square of x Xn X to n factors; the nth power of x; x to the power n x -8 x to the minus eighth power 二、Fractions 分数 分数中分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示。先读分子,后读分母。当分子大于1时,分母要加“s”。例如 1/2读作:aone half(口语中更倾向于用“a”代替“one”) (1/2 可以读为one half 或 one over two。1/2 的说法跟 1/3、1/4 都不一样, 它不读为 one second,而要用 one half。而 one of two 常用在数学上, 强调 1 除以 2, 这种说法在日常生活中用得比较少。)1/3读作:aone third 2/3读作:two thirds 1/4读作:aone quarter(fourth) (日常生活中,用one quarter比用one fourth更多一些)3/4 : three-fourths或 three quarters1/5 = a (or one) fifth 2/5 : two-fifths1/8读作:anone eighth 7/8 : seven-eighths9/10 = nine tenths 53/4 = five and three quarters 15/64= fifteen over (or by) sixty-four 24/25 twenty-four twenty-fifths15/9读作one and five ninths 2 1/2:two and one half(/a half)4 2/3:four and two-thirds 1/10 : one-tenth;a tenth1/100 : one-hundredth;one per cent1/1000 : one-thousandth1/10000 : one ten-thousandth比较复杂的分数常常用over这个词表示。如: 317/509读作:three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine 3/4hour,7lO mile则说three quarters of an hour(三刻钟),seven tenths of a mile(十分之七英里)。 当分数后面接名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;小于1,名词用单数。4/5 meter 五分之四米5/6 inch 六分之五英寸 1 1/2 hours 一个半小时(读作 one and a half hours)2 3/4 meters 二又四分之三米(读作two and three-fourths meters)2 : 3 the ratio of two to three 三、Decimals 小数 小数用基数词来表示,以小数点为界,小数点左首的数字为一个单位,表示整数,数字合起来读;小数点右首的数字为一个单位,表示小数,数字分开来读;含小数点的数字,小数点“”小数点读作 point,o读作 zero或oou,整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。小数点后的数若是两位以上,则分别读出。0.01 = point (or decimal) nought one,O point O one; zero point zero one; nought point nought one 0.17 zero point one seven / point seventeen / zero point seventeen0125读作;(nought)point one two five 025读作:(nought) point two five 05读作:(nought) point five 0.4 = zero (or nought) point four 或point four 1.03 one point o three 一点零三12.34 = twelve point three four 567.809 = five hundred and sixty-seven point eight nought nine 30.45 = thirty point four five, five recurring 10.23 ten point two three 十点二三25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七当数字值大于1时,小数后面的名词用复数,数字值小于1时,小数后面的名词用单数。1.03 meters 一点零三米 1.5 tons 一点五吨93,64m读作:ninety-three point six four meters 21511读作:two minutes fifteen point one one seconds 0.49 ton 零点四九吨 四、百分比 百分数用基数percent表示 读百分比只需在相应的数字后加“percent。如:50 fifty percent百分之五十3 three percent百分之三0.12 zero point one two percent 百分之零点一二113读作eleven point three percent 这里的percent前半部per表示“每一”,cent这一后半部分表示“百”,所以百分之几中percent不用复数形式。 15% = fifteen per cent 100% : one hundred per cent0.5% : point five per cent0.46% : point four six per cent 0.3% = decimal three percent 4 = four per mill 5、 表示“n次方”的说法指数用序数词,底数用基数词:10的7次方 the seventh power of ten(ten to the seventh power)6的10次方 the tenth power of six(six to the tenth power) 六、Mathematic Forms 数学式 在需要简单的加减法计算的题型中,对话中至少出现两个数字,它们之间的关系往往用“多少”、“迟早”、“快慢”、“前后”的形容词、副词或介词短语等来表达。还要注意一些能够表示数的存在或引起数的变化的动词,这些动词也能确定数字之间的加减关系,例如:be, have, start, begin, spend, miss, leave, postpone, prolong, increase, add, borrow, lend, loan, delay, save, go up, go down, rate, at x% off the price等。大家还应该记住下面这些表示加减关系的词:more(多),less(少),late(晚),early(早),fast(快),slow(慢),before(前),after(后),add/addition(加上),plus(加上),subtract/ subtraction(减去),minus(减去)1. Addition 加法 “加”用plus,and或add表示;“等于”用is,make,equal等词表示。2+3=? 可表示为: How much is two plus three?2+3= Two plus three is five Two and three is equal to five Two and three make five Two added to three equals five If we add two to/and three, we get five二加三等于五1+2=3 One and two are three. 2+3=5 Two plus three equals five. 4+0=4 Four and nought is equal to four. 45+70+152=267 45,70 and 152 added are (or make) 267 the sum (or total) is 267. 演算时的读法:3+7-10=0 (3+7=10 10-10=0)Three and seven are ten; I write(or I write down,or I put down)a nought and carry one. 4+1+8+3-16=0 (4+1=5 5+8=13 13+3=16 16-16=0)Four and one that I carry are five, and eight make thirteen,and three make sixteen; I write down six and carry one. 1+1=2 One and one (that I carry) are two; I put down two.37+80+143=260 37,80 and 143 added together, and(or make) 260. The sum (or total, or the result of the addition) is two hundred and sixty. 2. Subtraction 减法 “减”用 minus或 take from表示106? How much is ten minus six?10-6=4 Ten minus six is four Take six from ten and the remainder is four. Six (taken) from ten is four十减去六等于四9-4=5 Nine minus four equals (or is equal to) five. 15-7=8 Seven from fifteen leaves eight. 23,654-8,175=15,479 8,175 (take or subtracted) from 23,654 leaves 15,479. The difference (or The remainder) is 15,479. Nine from five wont go. 演算时的读法:0-0=0 Nought from nought (leaves) nought./One from one leaves nought (or nothing). 3-2=1 Two from three (leaves) one. 15-5=9 five from fourteen leaves nine.14310-5210=9100 I cant take (or subtract) five from four; I must borrow ten; 5210 (take or substracted) from 14,310 leaves 9,100. The difference (or The remainder) is nine thousand one hundred.3. Multiplication 乘法 “乘”用time(动词)或multiply表示3X4? How much is three times four?3X4=12 Three times four is/are twelve Multiply three by four,we get twelve Three multiplied by four makes twelve三乘以四等于十二10=0 One multiplied by nought equals nought. 11=1 Once one is one. 21=2 Twice one is two. 35=15 Three times five is fifteen 60=0 Multiply six by nothing, and the result is nothing. 演算时的读法: (5*9-40)*7+4-30=9 (5*9=45 45-40=5 5*7=35 35+4=39 39-30=9)Five times nine (or Nine multiplied by five) are forty-five; I put down five and carry four. Five times seven are thirty-five and four (that I carry) are thirty-nine; I write down nine and carry three. 5*6+3=33(5*6=30 30+3=33)Five times six make thirty and three (that I carry) thirty-three; I put down thirty-three. 8*9-70=2 (8*9=72 72-70=2)Eight times nine (or Eight nine) are seven two; I write two and carry seven. 8*7+7-60=3 (8*7=56 56+7=63 63-60=3)Eight sevens make fifty-six and seven are sixty-three. I put down three and carry six. 8*6+6=54 (8*6=48 48+6=54)Eight sixes make forty-eight and six fifty-four; I write down fifty-four. I now add the partial results (or products) Five. 2+9=11 Two and nine are eleven. 3+3+1=7 Three and three are six and one are seven. 4+3=7 Four and three make seven. 4. Division 除法 “除”用divide的过去分词形式表示164=? How much is sixteen divided by four?1644 Sixteen divided by four is four Sixteen divided by four equals/gives/makes four十六除以四等于四。 93=3 Nine divided by three maks (or is equal to) three. 205=4 Five into twenty goes four times. 456723=198余13 23 into 4567 goes 198 times, and 13 remainder. The quotient is 198, and 13 remainder. 演算时的读法: Fifteen into thirteen wont go ; 13515=9 fifteen into one hundred and thirty-five goes nine times; 9*15=135 nine times fifteen are one hundred and thirty-five; 138-135=3 one hundred and thirty-five from one hundred and thirty-eight leaves three; I bring down seven; 37-30=7 thirty from thirty-seven leaves seven. 3015=2 fifteen into thirty goes twice;15*2=20 twice fifteen are thirty; 138715=92余7 15 into 1387 goes 92 times, and 7 remainder. The (exact) quotient is ninety-two, and seven remainder; 5. 科学记数科学记数如1.2310-4 可读为 one point two three times ten to the minus four(negative four);one point two three times ten minus four 或 one point two three ten minus four。第一个是最正确的说法, 但有时为了简便会有不同程度的省略。像第二、三个省略适用在别人知道你在说科学符号的场合,例如老师上课时,或同学讨论功课时,不然别人有可能会误会你的意思。y = (Wt-W)/x y equals W sub t minus W over xx3/8=y2 x raised to the third power divided by eight equals y squared 七、.Time 时间 1. Hours 钟点 2h.58 = two hours five minutes eight seconds 2小时5分8秒 6.18 = six eighteen 6时18分 8.30 a.m.= eight thirty a.m.ei em 上午8时30分 the 6.05 p.m.train = the six (nought) five p.m.pi:em train 下午6时零5分列车 又二十四小时混合制的写法和读法如下: 0900 = 0 nine hundred (上午)9时 0910 = 0 nine ten (上午)9时10分 1300 = thirteen hundred 13时(下午1时) 1525 = fifteen twenty-five 15时25分(下午3时25分) 2000 = twenty hundred 20时(下午8时) at 5 oc =at five oclock 五点钟 时间的读法有以下一些特点:1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的oclock 5:00 读作 five oclock 或 five1)可以直接按照表示时间的数字来读。例如:10:56读作 ten fifty six8:30读作 eight thirty2)正点后的前半小时,通常说几点“过”(past)几分。在分钟后加past,再加小时 例如:9:25读作 twenty-five past nine2:16读作 sixteen past two6:30 half past six 8:15 a quarter past eight 3)正点后的后半小时,通常说几点“差”(to)几分。在分钟后面加to,再加小时. 此时,所说的“几点”指的是“正点”后的下一个“正点”。例如:10:55读作 five to eleven8:40读作 twenty to nineten to eight 差十分八点(七点五十分)a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分)twenty to six 差二十分六点(五点四十分)4)英语中的15分钟也可以说成“一刻钟”(a quarter)。例如:4:15读作 a quarter past four7:45读作 a quarter to eight45分钟读作 three quarters英语中时间的表达方法主要有直接法和借用介词法等。(1)直接法。上午八点eight AM (a.m.)ei em下午九点nine PM (p.m.)pi:em六点六分six six六点三十二six thirty two八点正eight oclock(2)借用介词法。八点四十五a quarter to nine七点零五分five past seven七点五十四six to eight六点半half past six(3)表示正点的用法。十一点正at 11 oclock sharp at 11 oclock on the hour at 11 oclock on the strike正午12点at noon午夜12点at midnight(注:12点22分可读作:twelve twenty-two: twenty-two past twelve(英式说法);twenty-two after twelve(美式说法)1点15可读作:one fifteen; a quarter past one(英式说法):a quarter after one(美英说法)8点50分可读作:eight fifty; ten to nine(英式说法);ten before nine(美式说法)1点40分可读作:one forty; twenty to two(英式说法);twenty before two(美式说法)14:03 读作 fourteen o three“提前半小时”可用:half an hour early; thirty minutes early; early by half an hour; half an hour ahead of time; half an hour ahead of schedule等来表示。)钟点的读法分英式和美式两种,我们应对此加以注意。 英7:00 seven oclock ampm 8:15 a quarter past eighteight fifteen 9:30 half past ninenine thirty 9:45 a quarter to tennine forty-five 10:03 three(minutes)past tenten oh three 美用法基本相似,只是英国用past之处,美国通常用after;英国用to之处,美国常用fo。美5:15 a quarter after fivefive fifteen 9:30 nine thirtyhalf past nine* 9:45 a quarter of tennine forty-five 9:55 five of tennine fifty-five 当用于军事命令和旅行时间表时,其读法如下: 07:00 (Oh)seven hundred hours=7:00am 09:15 (Oh) nine fifteen=9:15am 12:00 twelve hundred hours=middaynoon 13:45 thirteen forty-five-1:45pm 19:00 nineteen hundred hours:7:OOpm 23:05 twenty-three(Oh)five-11:05pm 24:00 twenty-four hundred hours=midnight 24:10 twenty-fourtenten past midnight 2. Date 日期 Oct.1 =October first 10月1日 Oct.1st = October the first 10月1日 Eg:National Day is on Oct. =National Day is on the 1st of October国庆节是十月一日。1st Oct. 1949 = the first of October, nineteen forty-nine 1949年10月1日 3/5 = 英May (the) third 5月3日;美March fifth 3月5日 附注日期用定冠词the加序数词表示。在哪一天要添加介词on。May 5 五月五日(读作May fifth)也可以表示为the fifth(5th)of MayMar. 1(st) 三月一日(读作March first或 the first of March)英语日期的读法、写法和汉语不同,要注意区别。英语中年、月、日的表达方法是“月份+序数词,年”。2001年4月2日应该写成:April 2nd, 2001,读成:April the second, two thousand and one。例如:October 31(October 31st)读作October(the)thirty-firstAugust 26(August 26th)读作August(the)twenty-sixth日期的表达英式和美式有所不同,请注意区别。 在日期的写法上,英式先写日子,美式先写月份。读法也略有不同: 英1999年4月6日=6th April l999 April the sixth,nineteen ninety-nine =The sixth of April,nineteen ninety-nine 美1999年4月6日=April 6,1999 April sixth,nineteen ninety-nine(省略“the) 3. Year 年份 年份用基数词表示,一般写为阿拉伯数字,读时可以以hundred为单位,也可以以世纪、年代为单位分别来读。684 B.C. =Six eighty-four B.C. bi:si: 公元前684年 1960 = nineteen sixty; nineteen hundred and sixty 19- nineteen something 1950s nineteen fifties 二十世纪五十年代 1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine1800 读作 eighteen hundred253 读作 two hundred and fifty-three或two fifty-three1902 读作 nineteen hundred and two或 nineteen o two表示在哪一年,一般在年数前加介词in,使用year时,year放在数词之前。in the year two fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年附注通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字。世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示,也可以用定冠词加百位进数加s表示the sixth(6th)century 公元六世纪 the eighteenth(18th)century 公元十八世纪the 1900s 二十世纪 the 1600s 十七世纪这里,用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成in the 1930s(in the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties)在二十世纪三十年代in the 1860s(in the sixties
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