《科技英语》课后习题答案完整版.doc

Main Content: UNIT 1 MATHEMATICS Text A “Game Theory” 科技英语阅读方法 “名词化结构” 科技英语翻译技巧 “名词化结构”Step:I. Text Organization PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OneParas. 1-3Game theory can be defined as the science of strategy which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperative forms.Part TwoParas. 4-11There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence: sequential-move game and simultaneous-move game.Part ThreeParas. 12-19The typical examples of game theory are given as the basic principles such as prisoners dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.Part FourPara. 20The research of game theory has succeeded in illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation and it will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.II. Language Points The games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers. (Para.1)Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child bringing-up and from tennis to handovers.range: v. to vary between limits, extend, run in a linee.g. (1) The price ranges from $ 30 to $ 80. (2) The boundary ranges from north to south.takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth. 接收、接管e.g. The economy of Hongkong goes well after its takeover.Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (Para.2)pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)e.g. The new treatment for cancer was pioneered by the experts of state hospital.pioneer: n. original investigator of subject or explorer or settler; initiator of enterprisee.g. The young generation was greatly motivated by the pioneers exploits.That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actions jointly. (Para.2)Paraphrase: That is, the players were expected to select and carry out their actions together. he must anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. (Para.3)anticipate: v. 1) to expect or realize beforehand; to foreseee.g. The experts are anticipating the negative effects of air pollution.anticipate: v. 2) to deal with or use before proper time 预支e.g. Ted was not used to saving monthly and he would always anticipate his income.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. (Para.4)Paraphrase: The key principal of a game is that player strategies are dependent on each other.essence: n.1) the quality which makes a thing what it is; the inner nature or most important quality of a thinge.g. The two things are the same in outward form but different in essence.essence: n. 2) extract obtained from a substance by taking out as much of the mass as possiblee.g. milk essence; essence of peppermint (椒薄荷、椒薄荷油)interdependence: n. the quality or fact of depending on each otherinter-为前缀，意为between each other, 类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. (Para.5)Paraphrase: A commonly-applied rule for a participant in a sequential game is to anticipate and think logically in turn.reason: v. to form or try to reach conclusions by connected thought; to think oute.g. (1) Mans ability to reason makes him different from the animal. (2) I reason in this way about the matter.In principle, any sequential game that ends after a finite sequence of moves (Para.6)finite: a. limited; having boundse.g. The petroleum supply is finite for humankind.infinite: a. without limits; having no bounds; (number that cannot be calculated)e.g. infinite space.In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle. (Para.7)Paraphrase: A game with simultaneous move requires a logical circular thinking, which is totally different from the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games. in ignorance of the others current actions. (Para.7)ignorance: n. being lacking of knowledge or uninformede.g. The manager was offended by the ignorance of his plans.The logical circle is squared (Para.8)square the circle: to attempt sth. impossible 做（似乎是）不可能的事When we say that an outcome is an equilibrium, there is no presumption that each persons privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result. (Para.10)Paraphrase: When we mention that game result is an equilibrium, there is no assurance that each players best choice will lead to the best effect for all the players.此句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句，主句there is no presumption中又包含一个同位语从句that each persons privately best choice will lead to a collectively optimal result，修饰presumption。But in spite of these flaws (Para.11)flaw: n. imperfection; crack; invalidating defect in documente.g. There was a fatal flaw in his argument that he gave an inaccurate definition.Such cooperative behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game because the temporary gain from cheating (confession) can be outweighed by the long-run loss due to the breakdown of cooperation. (Para.13)Paraphrase: Since the long-term loss brings more harmful effects than the temporary gain from cheating (confession) once cooperation breaks down, cooperative behavior can be achieved in repeated plays of the game.outweigh: v. to exceed in weight, value, importance or influencee.g. Many athletes believe that disadvantages of taking dopes (兴奋剂、麻醉剂) far outweigh the advantages.out-为前缀，意为in a way that surpasses, exceeds, or goes beyond。常见词有outargue/outbalance/outbid/outclass/outdo/outdrive/outeat/outgo/outlearn/outlive/outplay。Game theory quantifies this insight and details the right proportions of such mixtures. (Para.14)insight: n. piece of knowledge obtained, understanding; power of seeing into sth. with the minde.g. (1) a man of deep insight (2) Good teachers have insight into the problems of students.By so doing, he removes his own temptation to renege (食言、否认) on a promise or to forgive others transgressions (违犯、犯规). (Para.15)Paraphrase: By so doing, he can resist the temptation to break his own promise or to excuse for others offense.Recall Winston Churchills dictum of hiding the truth in a “bodyguard of lies”. (Para.19)recall: v. 1) to bring back to mind; to remember somethinge.g. (1) Twenty years later he could still clearly recall the event. (2) I seem to recall seeing the document.recall: v. 2) to order the return of a person who belongs to an organizatione.g. The ambassador was recalled when war broke out.To convey information, use an action that is a credible “signal” (Para.19)convey: v. to make (ideas, feelings, etc.) known to anothere.g. (1) Language conveys message. (2) Words cannot convey how delighted I am that I have accepted by Yale University.III. Background Information Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff阿维纳什迪克斯特是普林斯顿大学经济学教授。巴里内尔巴夫是耶鲁大学组织和管理学院管理学教授。Game Theory博弈论，有时也称为对策论，是应用数学的一个分支，是研究具有斗争或竞争性质现象的数学理论和方法，也是运筹学（operational research）的一个重要学科。目前在生物学、经济学、国际关系、计算机科学、政治学、军事战略和其他很多学科都有广泛的应用。zero-sum games (Para.1)零和博弈（非合作博弈），一人或一方得益必然引起另一人或另一方损失的局面。John von Neumann (Para.2)约翰冯诺依曼（1903-1957），匈牙利裔美国数学家，普林斯顿大学和普林斯顿高等研究所教授，曾任研制原子弹的顾问，并参加研制计算机，被称为计算机之父，1954年成为美国原子能委员会委员。作为20世纪最杰出的数学家之一，他在数理逻辑、测度论、格伦和连续几何学方面都有开创性的成果；在博弈论和控制论、力学、经济学和计算机研制等领域做出了杰出的贡献。他同莫根施特恩合作，写出博弈论和经济行为一书，这是博弈论中的经典著作，使他成为数理经济学的奠基人之一。tic-tac-toe (Para.6)井字棋，一种益智游戏。两人轮流在一井字形方格内画“x”和“o”，以先列成一行者得胜。John Nash (Para.8)约翰纳什，1928年6月13日出生在美国西弗吉尼亚州，1950年获得美国普林斯顿高等研究院数学博士学位，1951年至1959年在麻省理工学院（MIT）数学中心任职。现任普林斯顿大学数学系教授，美国科学院院士。国际公认的博弈论创始人之一，是继冯诺依曼之后最伟大的博弈论大师之一。纳什主要在纯数学领域从事学术研究，其数学成就十分突出。然而，他对经济学研究产生重大影响的还是在博弈论上，可以概括为两点：第一，纳什明确区分了合作对策与非合作对策，并指出，在合作对策中可以达成有约束力的协议，而在非合作对策中，则达不到；第二，对于两人以上的非合作对策，可能出现什么样的结果，纳什提出了分析方法，这一方法可以用“纳什均衡”来称谓。后来对博弈论的许多讨论，都是建立在纳什均衡这一概念之上的，他提出的著名的纳什均衡的概念在非合作博弈理论中起着核心的作用。后续的研究者对博弈论的贡献，都是建立在这一概念之上的。由于纳什均衡的提出和不断完善为博弈论广泛应用于经济学、管理学、社会学、政治学、军事科学等领域奠定了坚实的理论基础，1994年纳什因此获得诺贝尔奖经济学奖。Nash equilibrium (Para.8)纳什均衡，又称为非合作博弈均衡，是博弈论的一个重要术语，以约翰纳什命名。在一个博弈过程中，无论对方的策略选择如何，当事人一方都会选择某个确定的策略，则该策略被称作支配性策略。如果两个博弈的当事人的策略组合分别构成各自的支配性策略，那么这个组合就被定义为纳什均衡。一个策略组合被称为纳什均衡，当每个博弈者的均衡策略都是为了达到自己期望收益的最大值，与此同时，其他所有博弈者也遵循这样的策略。prisoners dilemma (Para.10)囚徒困境，博弈论的经典案例。囚徒困境是博弈论的非零和博弈中具代表性的例子，反映个人最佳选择并非团体最佳选择。虽然困境本身只属模型性质，但现实中的价格竞争、环境保护等方面，也会频繁出现类似情况。单次发生的囚徒困境，和多次重复的囚徒困境结果不会一样。在重复的囚徒困境中，博弈被反复地进行。因而每个参与者都有机会去“惩罚”另一个参与者前一回合的不合作行为。这时，合作可能会作为均衡的结果出现。欺骗的动机这时可能被受到惩罚的威胁所克服，从而可能导向一个较好的、合作的结果。Cortes (Para.16)赫尔南多科尔蒂斯，16世纪殖民时代活跃在中南美洲的西班牙殖民者，以摧毁阿兹特克（Aztec）古文明，并在墨西哥建立西班牙殖民地而闻名。strategy of brinkmanship (Para.17)边缘化策略。边缘化策略指在国际政治和外交活动中，故意使局势变得无法控制的策略，正是由于局势的无法收拾可能令其他对手难以接受，从而迫使对手做出妥协。Thomas Schelling (Para.17)托马斯谢林（1921-），2005年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者，1951年获得哈佛大学经济学博士学位，曾在美国哈佛大学肯尼迪学院执教20年，担任政治经济学教授，并获得退休名誉教授的称号，1991年被选为美国经济学协会会长，现在美国马里兰大学公共政策学院和经济系担任教授，并获得退休名誉教授称号。他教授的课程除包括经济学理论外，还涉及外交、国家安全、核战略以及军控等多方面。谢林重要的理论著作包括冲突战略、武器与影响等，其中前者是相关领域中最具有开创性的理论著作之一。他的理论和思想不仅运用在经济学分析中，在外交、军事领域也影响深远。Winston Churchill (Para.19)温斯顿丘吉尔（1874-1965），二战期间英国首相，英国传记作家、历史学家、政治家，1953年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。IV. Skills for Reading 名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构是科技英语最突出的特点之一。使用名词化结构的优点正是叙述客观，强调动作的客体而非动作本身，并能够用来代替同位语从句等较长的句子结构，从而使得文章简洁紧凑。理解名词化结构的重点是确定中心名词。名词化结构主要分为以下三类：1. 单纯名词化结构指由一个或多个名词修饰一个中心名词构成的名词化结构。(e.g. water purification system)2. 复合名词化结构指由一个中心名词和形容词、名词、副词、分词及介词短语等多个前置或后置修饰语构成。（e.g. acute bacterial peritonitis 急性细菌性腹膜炎）3. 由动词派生的名词化结构指由实义动词派生的名词搭配介词短语构成，在句中充当主语、宾语或介词宾语。（e.g. Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。）V. Skills for Translation 名词化结构 1. 将名词化结构译为动词 (e.g. 由动词派生的名词化结构)2. 将名词化结构译为动宾关系（e.g. 复合名词化结构）3. 将名词化结构译为独立的从句（e.g. 名词化结构较长而且较为复杂的情况）VI. Translation Practice名词化结构 1. Exercises for Practicing the Skills1) 无线网状网的首次应用是在社区接入网中，例如在加州的Cerritos社区，采用Tropos Networks或Garland的设备，由NexGen City建网，所用的专用芯片来自MeshNetworks。2) 变压器是一种利用互感原理的重要实用装置。3) 在19世纪，潮汐振荡和声重力振荡的理论曾经是饶有兴趣的课题。4) 增加了对成本的极小化的刺激，成本更具透明度。5) 在蜂窝网中布设911系统可以分三个阶段来进行。6) 由于已投入使用的或者处于研发阶段的纳米制品的范围极广，因此确定先测试哪一种材料以及如何进行测试是至关重要的。7) 但是所有的博弈所具有的共同特征就是相互作用。8) 技术发展造成的成本的降低、性能的提高以及网络的广泛应用使得建造更大的工程、人工智能（智能代理、知识库系统、数据挖掘及智能过滤等等）将愈加可行。2. Word and Phrase TranslationA. 1) 互赢博弈和互败博弈2) 连续策略博弈3) 联立策略博弈4) 直线推理5) 循环推理6) 纳什均衡7) 支配性策略8) 最优化结果9) 合作破裂10) 边缘化策略B. 1) pure conflict2) competition and cooperation3) strategic interdependence4) prisoners dilemma5) long-run loss6) tit-for-tat strategy7) mixing ones moves8) hit a passing shot cross-court or down the line9) monopoly market10) equilibrium sharesMain Content: UNIT 2 MEDICINE Text A “Making a Little Progress” 科技英语阅读方法 “复合词” 科技英语翻译技巧 “科技术语”Step:I. Text Organization PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OnePara. 1The government decided to take an initiative to fight against cancer by means of nanotechnology.Part TwoPara. 2Nanotechnology holds promise for cancer treatment on account of two main reasons: size and function.Part ThreeParas. 3-8Two kinds of nanoparticlesnanocrystals of iron oxide and quantum dotshave been used for cancer detection in tests on mice.Part FourParas. 9-18Three kinds of nanoparticlesdendrimers, carbon nanotubes and liposomeshave been used in tests for cancer killing.Part FiveParas. 19-21In spite of great progress in cancer nanotechnology, there are still many problems to solve.II. Language Points to bring new blood to an old and desperate fight. (Para.1)new blood: n. new member, new comer (=fresh blood)e.g. The company certainly needs some fresh blood with new ideas.Its a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels, and it comes at a time when the battle against the disease seems to be at a standstill. (Para.1)Paraphrase: Highest government levels are expecting nanotech solutions to cancer. It comes just in time since the battle against cancer seems to have come to a dead end.此句是一个长句。第一个it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的句子；第二个it指代上述的事实，即a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels; when引导定语从句。 which then emit radio signals. (Para.4)emit: v. to give out; to make a sounde.g. (1) Madam Curie found that radium (镭) emitted a faint (微弱的、暗淡的) blue light. (2) The face of the girl turned white and she emitted a low moan. as they revert to their original spins. (Para.4)revert to: to return to a previous state.e.g. (1) If you revert to your eating habit, youll put on weight again. (2) The house reverted to its former state of wreck (毁坏、严重破坏)., usher the protons to their original spins. (Para.4)usher: v. to lead sb. politely to some placee.g. The waitress ushered us to our seats reserved. then tacked on an antibody. (Para.5)tack on: to adde.g. (1) She tacked a ribbon on to her hat. (2) Its a tragic play but with a happy ending tacked on.Adjusting the particles sizes creates probes (Para.7)probe: n. a slender, flexible surgical instrument used to explore a wound or body cavity; an investigation into unfamiliar matters or questionable activitiese.g. (1) The surgeon examined his stomach with a probe. (2) There is a congressional probe into price fixing (限价、限定价格).probe: v. to explore with or as if with a probee.g. (1) The surgeon probed a wound to find its extent (范围、程度). (2) She tried to probe my mind and discover what I was thinking.Cadmium is a poisonous metal, however, so until long-term toxicity studies of the nanoparticles are conducted, use of quantum-dot probes will be limited to animals and tissue samples. (Para.8)Paraphrase: Cadmium is a poisonous metal. Because of that, quantum-dot probes can only be used on animals and tissue samples until its safety has been established. mice riddled with human epithelial-cell cancer. (Para.11)riddle with : to be full of; to make a lot of holes with sth.e.g. (1) The soccer team produced a disappointing performance riddled with errors. (2) A gunman riddled the facade (正面) of the building with bullets. home in on the cancer cells. (Para.11)home in on: to move or lead toward a goale.g. (1) A large insect was homing in on his neck. (2) The investigators were homing in on the truth.They burn their way through cancer. (Para.12)Paraphrase: Carbon nanotubes can kill cancer cells by burning them. the p53 gene will initiate cellular suicide. (Para.15)initiate: v. (fml) to make sth. starte.g. (1) The large company initiated a management training programme for its personnel. (2) We shall initiate urgent discussions with our trade partners. the cell keeps growing and can become malignant. (Para.15)malignant: a. virulent 恶性的e.g. Fortunately, after the test, his tumor was benign, not malignant. patients with advanced solid tumors. (Para.18)advanced: a. 1) far along in course or time 2) progressive 3) of high levele.g. (1) The old man is so optimistic and energetic that we can never imagine him to be a patient with advanced lung cancer. (2) They have developed an advanced communications system. (3) She had difficulty learning advanced mathematics.If cancer nanotechnology does live up to its promise (Para.21)live up to: to satisfy; to fulfille.g. The boy was very happy because his father had lived up to the promise that the family would go to the amusement park if he had a good performance in the final exam.III. Background Information Text AIt introduces nanotechnology taking on cancer detection and treatment. It is a brand-new therapy in humans fight against cancer. Some kinds of nanoparticles have been used in tests. Although it holds promise for cancer treatment in humans, standardized techniques should be taken into consideration.National Cancer Institute (Para.1)美国国家癌症研究所。1937年美国总统罗斯福批准国家癌症法案（National Cancer Act），随后NCI正式成立。Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (Para.3)磁共振成像（MRI）是利用收集磁共振现象所产生的信号而重建图像的成像技术，因此，也称自旋体层成像、核磁共振CT。MRI可以使CT显示不出来的病变显影，是医学影像领域中的又一重大发展。它是20世纪80年代初才应用于临床的影像诊断新技术。它具有高度的软组织分辨能力，不需使用对比剂即可显示血管结构等独特的优点。几乎适用于全身各系统的不同疾病，如肿瘤、炎症、创伤、退行性病变以及各种先天性疾病的检查。对颅脑、脊椎和脊髓病的显示优于CT。它可不用血管造影剂即可显示血管的结构，故对血管、肿块、淋巴结和血管结构之间的相互鉴别有其独到之处。它还有高于CT数倍的软组织分辨能力，能够敏感地检测出组织成分中水含量的变化，因而常比CT更有效和更早地发现病变。MRI能清楚、全面地显示心腔、心肌、心包及心内其它细小结构，是诊断各种心脏病以及检查心功能的可靠方法。Holy Grail (Para.9)圣杯，圣盘。圣杯的传说来自于基督教，传说那是耶稣基督在最后的晚餐中使用的绿柱玉琢制的酒杯。圣杯在延续千年的传说之后，常常被用来代表众人追求的最高目标，而它的另外一层含义，则是一种对渺茫希望的暗示。dendrimer (Para.9)树枝状聚合物。参考见：/info/1052.html 国家纳米科学中心 “. 纳米医学将给医学界，诸如癌症、糖尿病和老年性痴呆等疾病的治疗带来变革，已经获得越来越多的认同。利用纳米技术能够把新型基因材料输送到已经存在的DNA里，而不会引起任何免疫反应。树形聚合物(dendrimers)就是提供此类输送的良好候选材料。因为，它是非生物材料，不会诱发病人的免疫反应，没有形成排异反应的危险；所以，可以作为药物的纳米载体，携带药物分子进入人体的血液循环，使药物在无免疫排斥的条件下，发挥治病的效果。这种技术用于糖尿病和癌症治疗是很有希望的。”carbon nanotube (Para.9)纳米碳管。它是1991年才被发现的一种碳结构。理想纳米碳管是由碳原子形成的石墨烯片层卷成的无缝、中空的管体。石墨烯的片层一般可以从一层到上百层，含有一层石墨烯片层的称为单壁纳米碳管（Single-walled carbon nanotube, SWNT），多于一层的则称为多壁纳米碳管（Multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT）。SWNT的直径一般为1-6nm，最小直径大约为0.5nm，但SWNT的直径大于6nm以后特别不稳定，会发生塌陷，长度则可达几百纳米到几个微米。MWNT的层间距约为0.34纳米，直径在几个纳米到几十纳米，长度一般在微米量级，最长者可达数毫米。liposome (Para.9)脂质体。它是一种定向药物载体，属于靶向给药系统的一种新剂型。脂质体由磷脂、胆固醇等为膜材包合而成。它可以将药物粉末或溶液包埋在直径为纳米级的微粒中，这种微粒具有类细胞结构，进入人体内主要被网状内皮系统吞噬而激活机体的自身免疫功能，并改变被包封药物的体内分布，使药物主要在肝、脾、肺和骨髓等组织器官中积蓄，从而提高药物的治疗指数，减少药物的治疗剂量和降低药物的毒性。p53 gene (Para.15)p53基因是一种抑癌基因，是迄今发现的与人类肿瘤相关性最高的基因。它位于人类第17染色体，是由393个氨基酸组成的磷脂蛋白。p53蛋白在正常细胞中含量较低。如果DNA受损等情况发生，p53蛋白就会增加，这时起到3个作用：抑制细胞生长、DNA修复及细胞消亡。transferrin (Para.17)转铁蛋白（TRF）。它是血浆中主要的含铁蛋白质，负责运载由消化管吸收的铁盒由红细胞降解释放的铁。以一种复合物