语法总结-英语.doc

目录Unit 11Unit 22Unit 33Unit 46Unit 57Unit 78Unit 89Unit 911Unit 1014Unit 1116Unit 1320Unit 1423Unit 1524Unit 1627Unit 1728Unit 11. 不定冠词 a / an P21. 与work 连用的介词 work for, work at, work in, work with. P3表示职业的名词前一般用冠词a；如果该名词以元音音素开头，需要用冠词 an.3. 动词 to be P3 介绍自己和他人可以用动词 to be ，其形式随主语变化：I am from China. We are ChineseYou are English You are teachers 主语you是复数，所以名词teacher用了复数形式He is a manager They are AmericanShe is a deputy managerThe manager is BrithshIt is in Shanghai 否定句要在动词to be 后面加not,一般疑问句要将动词to be放在句首： He is not Chinese . Is he Chinese? Yes,he is/No,he is not I am not a manager. Are you a manager? Yes , I am/ No, I am not. She is not chinese . Is she Chinese? Yes,she is/No,she is not They are not here. Are they here? Yes,they are/ No,they are not 将who,what,when,where,how 放在句首，构成特殊疑问句： What is your name? My name is Wang Hua. Where are you from? I am from Nanjing How old are you? I am 35 years old. What is your job? I am an accountant Where is Peter? He is in China. How old is the manager? He is 40 years old.2. 代词 P5人称代词用于代替人或物： I You He She We They It形容词性物主代词表示所属关系： My Your His Her Our Their Its3. 在名词后面加-S 表示所属关系Shllys friend is Greek The mangers home is in London.4. 规则动词 P6Live,work 都是动词，主语是第三人称单数时，动词词尾加-S,如Mary lives in London.名词负数的规则变化是在名词后加-S*注意以下是不规则变化-要单独记忆Manmen womanwomen childchildrenUnit 21. 频度副词常见的有： never从不，sometimes有时，often经常 ，usually通常， always总是 注意频度副词在句子中有不同的位置 在动词to be之后： is , am , areIm usually ill on planes.Are you usually at home on Monday?He isnt usually ill on planes. 在实意动词之前： 唱，跳，写。I usually work on Friday。I sometimes go to London. 在含有助动词（do）的句子中，置于助动词之后、实意动词之前：He doesnt always work on Tuesday.I dont usually go to work by bus.2. 介词 at , for , in P18 At （在.时刻） I have tea at breakfast time. ( at lunchtime, at dinnertime) For (作为.) She likes fish for breakfast. (for lunch, for dinner) In (在.期间) I work in the morning. (in the afternoon, in the evening)3. 动词 to have 的含义。To possess（characteristics） 具有（特点） I have black hairTo possess (things) 拥有（东西） I have a carTo eat or to drink 吃，喝 He has lunch in th canteen I have a sandwich for lunch. Would you like to have a coffee?4. 12小时表达法 P21 表示整点过1-30分用 past （晚于，过）12.10 It is ten past twelve 12.30 It is half past twelve 表示离整点还差1-29分用to (在.之前)9.40 It is twenty to ten 表示“一刻钟”可用a quarter4.15 It is a quarter past five (or five fifteen)4.16 It is a quarter to four (or three forty-five) 表示“半小时”常用half7.30 It is half past seven (or seven thirty) 表示“午前”用am，表示“午后”用pm，表示“在中午”用at noon Whats the time? Its 9 pm (9 oclock in the evening) I usually take a nap at noon. 5. 表示时间的介词 P22 & At 表示在某点时间 She arrives at 7 oclock. I have coffee at breakfast-time & For 表示在某段时间 I go swimming on Tuesdays for two hours & From.to 表示从某点到另一点的持续时间 He works form 8 in the morning to 6 in the evening5. 称呼的使用 (Ms女士， Miss小姐， Mrs太太, Mr先生) P24 6. 提出请求 Could you. P24 Could you +do sth 常用语表达请求 Could you spell it,please? Yes,of course Could you tell me your car number,please? No,sorry. Could you call me at 7 oclock,please? Certainly Could you sign the register,please? Of course& 表达提议 Would you (动词前+to；名词+原形) Would you like sht?或者Would you like to du sht?常用来表达提议 长时间的喜欢 目前喜欢-短时间 Would you like to have a coffee? Yes,please. Would you like a newspaper? No,thank you . I have one at the office.Unit 31. 提议与应答(1) P28 Would you like a drink?/some crisps? Would you like to com to the shop one day?对“提议”的应答通常为： Yes, please No,thanks Yes, I would,thanks. No, I wouldnt,thanks.“提议”还可以用以what 开头的疑问句表达，例如 What would you like tu drink? Id like a gin and tonic,please What would you like,Polly? Id like a glass of wine,thank you Id like some crisps2. 提议与应答（2） will not=wont 将来时态 主动提出自己做某时，常用的句式为Ill（I will）+动词原形，例如： Ill buy the drinks 3. 序数词 P32多数序数词由基数词加-th构成，如 Six sixth Eleven eleventh Eighteen eighteenth Thirty-five thirty-fifth Fifty fiftieth Hundred hundredth以下词例外 First(第一)，second(第二), third(第三) Fifth (第五，先将基数词中的-ve,改成-f,再加-th) Eighth（基数词后加-h） Ninth （去掉基数词中的-e） Twelfth（先将基数词中的-ve改成-f,再加-th） Twentieth,thirtieth,fortieth.（第二十，三十，四十.将基数词中的-y改成-ie 再加-th） 序数词有简写形式，例如： first - 1st second-2 nd third-3rd fourth- 4th4. 楼层的表达 P33在英国“一层”用ground floor, first floor指“二层”；在美国，first floor指“一层”5. 不定冠词a/an和定冠词the的区别 P34 不定冠词a/an与可数名词的单数搭配，相当于汉语中的“一”，指某一类人或事物中的非特指的“任何一个”。定冠词the与可数名词的单数、可数名词的复数和不可数名词搭配，指独一无二的事物或已被提到的人或物。am an accountant （我是一名会计：会计中的一员。）I am the Chief Accountant for ABHK Bank.(我是ABHK银行主任会计师：该银行中唯一的一名)These are the books I like.(这些是我喜欢的书：特指某些书) She is a receptionist.(她是一名接待员;公司里有好几名，她是其中之一.) She is the receptionist.(她是接待员:公司里仅她一名接待员.)同样,大楼中只有一个“一层”，一个“二层”，因此，表达楼层十用定冠词:the ground floor, the first floor, the second floor 由普通名词构成的专有名词，the great wall 用于乐器 习惯用语中，in the affternoon 用于姓氏的复数形式前，the ssmathis 用形容词的最高级, the best6. 指示代词 this, these,that, those P34 单数形式 (Singular) 复数形式（Plural） This这个 These 这些 That 那个 Those那些 通常this(these)指离说话人较近的物品，that(those)指离说话人较远的物品。指示代词既可以单独使用，也可以与名词连用。 Xiaoyan, this is Polly,my girlfriend. These people are my friends That is Frank near the door Those people in the car are his brothers and sisters. 指示代词可以用于表达对比的意义。（说话时伴随用手指点动作） This is my coffee and thats yours. These are my books. Those are yous. These people are my friends.Those are my husbands friends 指示代词可用于强调，例如 That is really stupid! Those are no good at all! I really dont like this!7. There is / there are 句型的使用 P37 表示“在某处（如在房间里）有/存在.”可以用there is / there are.结构 ( 如果名词为复数，动词用are，名词为单数，动词用is,例如 There is a man in the office. There are two plants in the house. ( 疑问句要将is/are置于句首（Is there?Are there.?）例如 Is there a fax in the office? Are there any plants in the reception? ( 对一般疑问句的回答通常用简略形式 Is there a coffee machine in the office? Yes,there is. Is there a TV in the office? No,there isnt. Are there desks in the reception? Yes,there are Are there fax machines in the reception? No, there arent Unit 41. 谈论工作 P42 在表示工作的词前用a或an. 涉及工作地点的时候，在名词前要用a/an或the一般来说，a/an泛指众多中的一个；the特指某一个 在谈及工作领域的时候，如banking,teaching,computers,用介词in Hes in medicine They work in computers 询问别人的工作，可以说“Whats your/his/her job?。另外一种问法是用动词to do. What do you do? Im an accountant What do they do? They work in a bank2. 现在进行时（1） P47 表示此刻正在发生的事情或正在进行的动作，用现在进行时： I am waiting for an important call from my boss in Shanghai. Hes talking to a customer结构是：主语+to be +动词ing形式 否定形式是在动词to be 后面加not My computer isnt working Im not eating lunch. They arent workong today 一般疑问句的形式是： 疑问句+to be+主语+动词ing形式 What are you doing? 你在干什么 Where is he having lunch? 他正在什么地方吃午饭？ What are they waiting for? 他们在等什么呢？3. 现在进行时（2） P49 也可以表示这一段时期正在进行的活动，虽然在此时此刻这个活动可能并没有进行。例如： Li Jun is working on a new database at the moment, but right now she is sleeping. （ Li Jun正在建一个新的数据库，不过此刻她正在睡觉。） Wng Li is planning a new marketing campaign at the moment,but right now he is visting New York. （Wang Li 正在策划一个营销活动，不过此时他正在访问纽约。） Liu Fan is currently working on TV advertisements,but right now hes on holiday. （Liu Fan 目前正在从事电视广告的工作，不过此刻他正在度假。）Unit 51. 澄清意思 P56询问一个词是什么意思，用动词to mean. What does“sml”mean? Sml-what does it mean?回答时主语可以用代词It It means small.还可以用一般疑问句 Does “avail”mean available? Yes,it does. Does“pm”mean morning? No,it means afternoon.2. 提出建议 P57 What about+v-ing? 动词+ing What about seeing this flat? 名词或名词性短语.what about a cup of coffee How about+v-ing? How about going to an estate agent? Why dont you +verb(动词原形) Why dont you go to an estate agent? 回答： Well,I dont know。（表示她说不准这个建议好不好。） Yes,thats a good idea.(表示她赞同这个建议)3. 询问价格 P60 | 用How much 开头，动词用to cost 或者to be。例如 How much does the flat cost a month? It costs 500. How much do they cost? They cost 50 each. How much is the flat? Its 500 a month. How much is it a month? How much are they? They are 50 each | 在英国货币中，100便士（pence）为1英镑（pound）。便士的符号是p,放在数字后面；英镑的符号是，放在数字前面。例如： 2.45 读作 two pounds forty five (pence) 90P 读作ninety pence或niney p 24 读作twenty-four pounds 1 读作one poundUnit 71. 提供建议 P73 How about.? What about.?和Why dont you? How about seven oclock? What about taking a taxi? Why dont you take the tube?2. 询问花多长时间 P75动词 to take,可以表示“花费（时间）”，用在“It takes+(时间)+to do sth” How long does it take to get to your house by tube? It takes about half an hour.动词 to take的否定句和疑问句的构成同其他实意规则动词一样。例如： How long does the journey take? The flight doesnt take three hours. It takes two.3. 表达批评 P78 表达批评性评论常用的句式是“too+形容词”或者“not+形容词+enough”这两种句式意义相近，意为“太.”， “不够.” The kitchen is too dark. The table is not big enough for two people4. 打电话用语 P80 接电话 在家里，拿起听筒接电话十常用hello开头，相当于汉语中的“喂”。在办公室，接电话的人通常自报家门，比如单位的名称，有时还要说出自己的名字。例如 （Good morning）,Caffe Roma. (Good afternoon),Caffe Roma.Franco Rossi speaking 打电话 在公务或比较正式的场合，打电话的人会先介绍自己。例如 Good afternoon.This is Lin Xiaoyan.Im calling about. Hello,this is Franco Rossi speaking. 在较随意的情况下或跟听话人很熟悉时，可以这样介绍自己 Hello,Franco (Rossi) here. 请人接听电话 Could/Can I speak to Franco Rossi,please? Is Sally there,please? 询问打电话/接电话者 接电话者问打电话的是谁，通常这样说 Whos calling,please? 接电话者恰好就是要找的人，可以这样说 Is that Polly Williams? Is that you,Mary? 接听找人电话时，可以说： One moment,please. Sorry,he/she is not in. Hold on,please. Sorry, Im afraid he/she is out. Sorry,wrong number. 留口信 请对方转达口信，可以说： Could/Can I leave a message,pleas? 记录口信 主动提议为他人记录口信，可以说： Can I take a message?5. 安排约会 P82建议日期： Are you free on Wednesday? What about Friday?建议具体时间：How about 6 oclock? Is 6 oclock okay?表示同意约定的时间、地点 ： Yes.Wednesday is fine. Yes.6 oclock is fine. Yes.Thats okay. Yes.Thats fine表示不同意约定的时间： No,Im afraid Im not free. No,Im sorry, Im busy. 确认时间： Okay, see you at 4 oclock on Tuesday.委婉地拒绝 Im sorry. Im afraid.（恐怕/很遗憾）常用在否定的回答中，表示一种委婉的预期。决绝他人的邀请或建议时，应在说NO的同时用Im sorry,Im afraid.表达歉意和遗憾。Unit 81. 情态动词can表示允许，后接动词原形。 P86 You can use the phone in the living room. You cant smoke in the bedrooms. Can I use the cooker in the kitchen?一般疑问句的构成方法是将Can置于句首。用于第一人称的疑问句，可以表示询问他人是否允许。例如： Can I use the cooker in the kitchen?Can 用于陈述句的肯定句表示允许，用于否定句表示不允许。 She can smoke in the garden. 她可以在花园里吸烟。 You can do what you want. 你愿意做什么就做什么。 You cant be noisy. 你们不能大声喧哗。2. 一般现在时与现在进行时 P89 一般现在时表示经常发生的事情（这些动作可能每天、每时或经常发生），现在进行时表示现阶段或说话的此刻正在发生的事情。 一般现在时 现在进行时 I cook for my family Hes cooking. I usually start work at nine oclock. Im working now. 英语动词就其词汇意义来讲，可分为表示动作的动词和表示状态的动词两类。英语动词绝大多数是前者，可以用于进行时态。英语中有些动词通常只用于一般时态，而不用进行时。这些动词表示相对的静止的物质、心理及情感状态，被称为状态动词。我们学过的状态动词有： To be He is English To have / to have got I have two brothers. To like I like TV To love I love coffee To hate I hate my job. To think I think its cheap但have 作行为动词，不表示拥有时，可以构成进行时态，如 I am having lunch. Think 做“想”、“思考”讲时也有进行时态。3. 描述天气 P91 描述当前的天气状况（Weather）可以用一般现在时和现在进行时两种形式。询问天气状况常用Whats (What is) the weather like in +（某地）这个句式。回答时可以用It is (Its)+形容词，或者Its +ing形式等。例如 询问 回答 Whats the weather like in Shanghai? Its rainy./Its raining. Its sunny./The sun is shining. 当谈论一个地方的气候（climate）时通常只用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。 It often rains in summer in England. It doesnt usually snow in winter in Ireland. The temperature doesnt go below minus 15 degerrs in spring. It is often sunny in autumn3. 谈论城市 P93 询问城市的状况，可以用 Whats +城镇名称+like? Whats London like?(怎么样) 描述城市的状况，可以用动词to be +形容词。 London is busy,noisy,crowded and exciting.But its too expensive. 在第7单元我们已经学过一些描述住房条件的形容词。这些形容词及其反义词也可用来描述城市情况。 Beautiful-ugly难看的 big - small Busy- calm安静的、宁静的 clean-dirty (polluted)污染的 Crowded拥挤-empty稀少 expensive-cheap Modern-old-fashioned古老、陈旧 quiet-noisy Safe-dangerous well-organised井井有条的- chaotic杂乱的4. 方位词 P95 On (在.上面) in (在.里面) under (在下面) Above (在.之上) next to (与.相邻) in front of (在.前面) Behind (在.后面) 注意: On：在物体之上，有接触面 Above：在上方，有空洞的距离 Over：在上面，有角度的4. 祈使句的结构 P96 祈使句可以表示请求和指令。祈使句的肯定式用动词原形。例如： Put it on the small table. Stand the lamp on the desk.祈使句的否定式用Dont+动词原形。例如： Dont put them on the desk.Unit 91. 店铺的名称 P100 有些店铺的名称由经营商加S构成，S相当于S =shop，表示经营者的处所。这类的店铺名称还可以直接写经营商的职业，例如 the butcher(肉商/肉店)，the butchers （肉店），the chemist（药剂师/药店），the chemists（药店），这两种书写形式可以互换。2. 表示方位的介词 P101 Next to 紧靠.旁边 near 靠近，附近 between 在中间/ in the middle Opposite 在的对面 on the corner在拐角处 outside 在外面3 定冠词和不定冠词 P101 商店、处所的名称前用的是定冠词the，表示在附近只有一家这样的商店或处所。如果所谈的商店或处所不是具体的哪一个，则要使用不定冠词a/an The The bus stop is outside the post officeThe supermarket is next to the chemists a/anTheres a supermarket opposite the station and a supermarket near a bank. Bus stop=bus-stop公交汽车站 bus station公共汽车总站4. 问路与指路（1） P102 问路常用的句式为： Where is +场所？ Where is the nearest+场所？ nearest最近的near的最高级（3者或3者以上） Is there+ a/ an +场所？问路 指路 Is there a bank near here? Yes,the bank is on the corner,near the station. Yes,there is. Theres a bank on the corner, near the station Im sorry, I dont knowWhere is the nearest supermarket,please? The supermarket is over there,oppsite the cafe.Where is the bus stop,please? The bus stop is outside the greengrocers.5. 问路与指路（2） P104 就乘车问路和指路，常用get一词（get to 到达某地；get on 上车； get off 下车） 问路 指路 How do I get there? You take the number 38 bus. How do I get to the bus station? take指“乘坐”交通工具，take a bus/train/plane) Where do I get on? You get on at the greengrocers Where do I get off? You get off at the bus station.6. 礼貌用语 P105 向陌生人问路时要注意礼貌。想引起他人的注意，应以Excuse me 开头，最后说please. Excuse me ,where is the post office, please? 遇到别人问路、又不能帮助时，应先表示歉意，做出解释。 Im not from around here, Im afraid Im sorry, Im not local，I dont know. 7. 短语动词 P106 短语动词是固定词组，由动词加介词或副词组成，其作用相当于一个动词。短语动词需整体记忆，因为其意义并非该动词组成部分的意义之和。例如： They get up at 10 oclock .(起床) They got on the bus at the station.(上车) They get on well together.（相处） They get off the bus at the swimming pool.(下车) I must get off to work (动身，离开) Sam gets about a lot.Hes in London today and last week he was in edinburgh.(走动，旅行) This rainy weather gets me down.（使.情绪低落）我们学过的短语动词还有： To come across 遇到某人、某物 To find out 发现 To ring up 打电话 To wait for 等待 To get back（home/ to the flat） 回到（家/公寓） To go in / out 进入/出来 To look（around）for sb or sht。（四处）寻找某人或某物 To bring (sth) back 带回（某物） To put on （weight / a coat）增加体重/穿上外衣 To work out 锻炼身体 To work off （通过锻炼）减肥8. 谈论人的外貌和性格特征 P108 外貌 look like 结尾 / 助动词+性格 性格 like 结尾 / be动词+性格 Have have got 拥有