有关一些中国文化的翻译.doc

有关一些中国文化的翻译（均摘自网络）中国文化扇子 中国被誉为制扇王国，扇子品种繁多，大约有四五百种，常见的有羽扇、芭蕉扇、团扇、蒲扇、宫扇、折扇、竹扇、鹅毛扇等。它们功用不同，团扇为大家闺秀所用；宫扇用作仪仗，有“敝风日”、“示威仪”之意；蒲扇为农妇、仆妇、媒婆、轿夫所用，文人书生惯用书画折扇；而中国著名军事家诸葛亮手持的鹅毛扇，则是沉着，机智，智慧的象征。唐代画家周昉的簪花仕女图上的仕女手持长柄绢团扇，是障扇的一个品种，用绢制成，并在素白的绢面上绘上牡丹，更显得高贵华丽。五代南唐的顾闳中韩熙载夜宴图，此画是韩熙手持着一柄方形圆角竹丝扇，他的丫环手执长柄花圆形绢扇，反映了竹丝扇和绢扇都为豪门贵族所喜爱。 Chinese CultureThe Types of Chinese Fans China is regarded as the kingdom of making fans. There are four or five hundred types of fans, among them the most popular ones are feather fans, palm? Leaf fans, silk fans, cattail leave fans, round fans (used by maids in places), folding fans, bamboo fans and goose-feather fans. Each type of fans has its own function. The silk fans were used by ladies of wealthy families. The round fans were used by maids of honor in palaces and had the function of blocking the sunshine and warding off the wind, and showing the dignity of emperors. The cattail leave fans were usually used by peasant women, female servants, woman matchmakers or sedan-chair bearers. As to the scholars, they would prefer folding fans. The goose-feather fan of Zhuge Liang, the most well-known strategist in ancient China, was the symbol of calmness, quick-wittedness and wisdom. In the Chinese painting Beauties Wearing Flowers by Zhoufang of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the silk fans with long handles the ladies were holding were a kind of blocking fans. They were made of white silk and were painted with peonies, making fans look very expensive and elegant. In the painting Han Xizai Hosting a Dinner Party by Gu Hongzhong of the South Tang period (937-975), Han Xizai was holding a square silk and bamboo fan with round corners, and his maids were holding round painted silk fans with long handles. It shows that both silk and bamboo fans were favored by powerful families and nobles in ancient China.中国文化年画 中国人在春节的时候喜欢在家里张贴年画，以示喜庆。传统的年画内容丰富，色彩鲜艳，人物造型夸张古朴。常见的年画如“年年有余（鱼）”“招财进宝”“喜得贵子”“鲤鱼跳龙门”“岁寒三友”等。年画的历史可以追溯到东汉和六朝时期。天津杨柳青（今属天津市）、山东潍县杨家埠（今为潍坊市）和江苏苏州桃花坞是中国最著名的三大年画产地。 China cultureNew Year Pictures Chinese people like to hang New Year pictures in their house to celebrate happiness during the Spring Festival. Traditional New Year pictures have rich contents, vivid color and exaggerated form. Usual New Year pictures are “fishes of every year”, “welcoming fortune”, “new birth”, “the carp jumping over the Longmen gorge”, “three green plants in winter” etc. The history of New Year pictures can be traced back to the Donghan and Liuchao Dynasty. Yangliuqing in Tianjin, Yangjiabu in Wei county Shandong and Taohuawu in Suzhou Jiangsu province are the most famous places for producing New Year pictures.茶中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可征求意见，选用最合来客口味的茶叶和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时，要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加开水，随喝随添，使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致，水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，达到调节口味和点心之功效。 China cultureThe etiquette of tea China is a country with a timehonored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups. In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle. Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking. Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one hunger.龙 把龙翻译为dragon 是错误的。实际上，龙和dragon 在性质上的差异非常大，把它们理解成不同的生物更加合理。它们不是相同的生物的两种不同解释。至少六十年前， Loong 这个单词根据它在中文你的对应汉字“龙”的发音创造出来了。龙没有翅膀，但是应龙有翅膀。龙经过一千年的修炼可以变成应龙。龙一般被认为是瑞兽。拥有巨大的力量、尊贵、吉祥。龙被认为是风和雨的制造者。迄今为止说发现的龙的艺术品中，最早的是六千年前在中国建造的一座用蚌壳堆造而成的雕塑。龙曾经被中国皇帝用作自己的象征。现在它被普通中国人作为吉祥、幸福和力量的象征。龙是中国文化的一部分。它是中国的现象，是连接全世界华人的精神纽带。中国人自豪地称自己是“龙的传人”。著名的华裔功夫明星李小龙的名字翻译成英文时，其中的“龙”字被写为Loong。“小龙”的意思是“健壮机灵的孩子”。 Chinese cultureThe Cultural Connotation of Dragon in China It is wrong to translate loong as dragon in English. In fact, loong is so different in nature from dragons that it may be more reasonable to consider them as dissimilar creatures, rather than as the same creature interpreted differently. The word loong was created on the base of the pronunciation of its counterpart character in Chinese at least 60 years ago. Loong has no wing. But Ying Loong has wings. Loong will become Ying Loong after a one-thousand-years self-tempering. Loong is generally regarded as benevolent, powerful, worshipful and lucky. It is thought as the source of wind and rain. The earliest artwork of loong ever discovered was built in China about 6000 years ago. I t is a sculpture of loong made by heaping shells of clam. Loong used to be the symbol of Chinese emperors. Now it stands for luck, happiness and power by ordinary Chinese people. Loong is a part of Chinese culture. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation. Loong is a spiritual tie linking the Chinese people to people all over the world. Chinese people are proud to call themselves “the offspring of the Loong”. The famous Chinese Kung Fu star Bruce Lees Chinese name is Lee Sui Loong, written in English. “Sui Loong” is the pronunciation of “ a little loong” in Chinese, and means a strong and smart boy.传统中医五行学说 五行，即使自然现象中木、火、土、金、水五种几种物质。根据它们不同的性质、功能和形态，传统的中医学里以五脏配五行，肝属于木，心属于火，脾属于土，肺属于金以及肾属于水。这种分类法是结合了人类身体的生理和病理和个人的身体本性特征。五行的相生的关系如下：木生火，火生土，土生金，金生水，水生木。反过来，五行相克的次序是木克土，土克水，水克火，火克金，金克木。这也同样适用于人体生理功能的内在联系。肝（木）藏血以济心，心（火）之热以温脾，脾（土）化生水谷精微以充肺，肺（金）清肃下行以助肾水，肾（水）之精以养肝。因此传统的中医在治疗肺部疾病之前要先温脾。 Chinese traditional medicine-The Theory of the Five Elements The Five Elements are five basic substances of natural phenomenon. These include wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. In accordance with their different properties, functions and forms, Chinese traditional medicine attributes the liver to wood, the heart to fire, the spleen to earth, the lung to metal and the kidney to water. This attribution understands the physiology and pathology of the human body in interrelated as follows: wood begets fire, fire begets earth, earth begets metal, metal begets water, and water, in its turn, nourishes wood. In turn, wood subdues earth, earth subdues water, water subdues fire, fire subdues metal, and metal subdues wood. The same applies to the human physiology: the liver (wood) stores blood to nourish the heart (fire); the heat of the heart (fire) warms the spleen (earth); the spleen (earth) transforms and distributes food essence to replenish the lung (metal); the lung (metal) dredges the water passages to help the kidney (water); and the vital essence of the kidney (water) nourishes the liver (wood). A traditional doctor thus first seeks to nourish the spleen before curing illness in the lung.中国文化书法艺术 中国汉字是从图画、符号逐渐演变形成的，汉字的书写好发展过程导致了书法艺术的产生。中国历代都有大书法家，其书法艺术和风格称为所在朝代书法的典型代表。人们对书法的喜爱一直流传到今天。中国的书法经过多年的演变。正确的笔画顺序，书写汉字的平衡和韵律都是书法的精髓。纯熟的握笔方式可以在宣纸上描绘出深、浅、轻、重平衡的笔画。一个书法家练习最多的是汉字“永”，因为“永”的笔划包含了汉字最基本的八个笔划。掌握了“永”字的书法，就等于精通了所有汉字的书法。 Chinese Culture Art of Calligraphy Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese an art of calligraphy developed naturally from its unique writing system. Through the ages, great calligraphers developed representative calligraphic styles of their times. The love of calligraphy is deeply ingrained in Chinese scholars, and has been handed down to the present day. Calligraphy takes many years of dedicated practice. Correct stroke order, proper balance and rhythm of characters are essential in calligraphy. Skilled handling of the brush produces a pleasing balance of characters on the paper, thick and thin lines, and heavy and light inking. In most cases, a calligrapher will practice writing the Chinese character Yong (永) many, many time in order to perfect the eight basic essential strokes contained within the character. Those who can correctly write the Character Yong beautifully can potentially write all characters with beauty.中国文化中国传统婚姻 在儒家思想中，婚姻对于家庭和社会都有着重要的意义。按照汉族儒家的纲常伦理观念，不论辈分的婚姻是一种乱伦的行为，是被严格禁止的。从儒家的家庭的角度来看，婚姻汇集不同姓氏的家庭，延续了家族的父系氏族，这是妇女分娩时首选男孩的原因，因此，任何婚姻的优点和缺点，重要的是整个家庭，不只是每对夫妇。已婚夫妇被认为是社会的基本单位。在中国历史上很多时候，婚姻影响到国家的政治稳定和国际关系。从汉代某些强大的外国如蒙古族，满族，匈奴，突厥部落的统治者要求妇女是皇室出生。中国历史上的许多时期，占主导地位的是皇帝的妻子或母亲的家庭。因此，婚姻担负着一定的政治使命。 Marriage in a Confucian Context In Confucian thought, marriage is of grave significance both to families and to society. Traditionally incest has been defined as marriage between people with the same surname. From the perspective of a Confucian family, marriage brings together families of different surnames and so continues the family line of the paternal clan. This is generally why having a boy is more preferred than a girl when giving birth. Therefore, the benefits and demerits of any marriage are important to the entire family, not just the individual couples. Socially, the married couple is thought to be the basic unit of society. In Chinese history there have been many times when marriages have affected the countrys political stability and international relations. From the Han Dynasty the rulers of certain powerful foreign tribes such as the Mongolians, the Manchus, the Huns, and the Turks demanded women from the Imperial family. Many periods of Chinese history were dominated by the families of the wife or mother of the ruling Emperor. Thus marriage can be related to politics.中国民间风俗冬至大如年 郡中的人最重视冬至节，节前早几天，亲戚朋友相互馈赠食品，路上挤满了提着筐挑着盒子的人，俗称这为“冬至盘”。冬至节前一夜，俗称为“冬至夜”。这夜家家轮流请人来吃饭喝酒，这称为“节酒”。已出嫁的妇女在娘家的，在这天一定回丈夫家去。无论是大户人家还是小户人家，必定要买食品祭祀祖先，其中也有悬挂祖先遗像的人家。所有各种仪式规定都比普通的节日隆重，因此有“冬至大如年”这样的谚语。 Chinese Folk CustomsThe Winter Solstice People in the prefectures attach great importance to the winter solstice. Several days previously, friends and relatives present gifts of food to one another. The streets are crowded with people carrying baskets and boxes which are generally called “winter solstice trays”. The night before is called winter solstice Eve. On that night, families invite guests to food and drinks. This dinner is called the festival banquet. Married women who happen to be staying with their parents must return to their husbands. Families, rich and poor alike, buy food to offer to their ancestors. Some put up the portraits of their ancestors. The ceremonies and customs are more splendid than those of the ordinary festivals. Therefore, the saying goes, “The Winter Solstice is as important as the New Year”.关汉卿 关汉卿是元代成就最高、影响最大的剧作家，他一生写了60多部杂剧，现存的还有18部。关汉卿的杂剧大多表现了下层妇女的苦难和斗争，歌颂了她们的机智和勇敢。他的代表作窦娥冤是元杂剧中最著名的悲剧。剧中描写了善良的女子窦娥，遭到坏人陷害，被官府关进监狱，最终含冤被杀的故事。这个悲剧深刻地表现了作家对社会的不满，对弱者的同情。关汉卿的创作对后世戏曲的发展产生了巨大的影响，他不仅是中国伟大的戏剧家，也是世界文化名人。 Guan Hanqing and the drama The Grievance of Dou E Guan Hanqing was the greatest and most prolific playwright of the time. He created over 60 plays of which 18 are still extant. Most reflected the misery and struggles of women at the bottom of the society and highly praised their wisdom and courage. His representative work The Grievance of Dou E (also translated as Snow in Midsummer) is the best known of the zaju tragedies. It tells of a kind-hearted young woman falsely accused and thrown into prison by the local authorities and finally murdered. Through this play, the author expressed his indignation and his sympathy for the weak in society. Guans plays had great influence on the development of drama of later generations. 中国民间风俗腊八粥 夏历 十二月初八，中国汉族地区民间流传着吃“腊八粥”的风俗。腊八粥是一种在腊八节用由多种食材熬制的粥，也叫做七宝五味粥。腊八粥传说来自印度天竺，农历十二月初八是佛陀成道纪念日，俗称“腊八节”，在佛教称“法宝节”。腊八粥的习俗，已非佛门所有，作为一种民间风俗，农历十二月八日吃腊八粥，用以庆祝丰收，一直流传至今。腊八粥，用黄米、白米、江米、小米、菱角米、栗子、红江豆、去皮枣泥等合水煮熟，外用染红桃仁、杏仁、瓜子、花生、榛穰、松子及白糖、红糖、琐琐葡萄，以作点染。腊八粥又和中国传统养生文化和美食文化结合，称为养生佳品。还有一种说法：腊八粥本来是佛教寺煮来供菩萨的十八种干果象征着十八罗汉，后来这风俗便在民间通行 Chinese Folk CustomsRice Porridge for December Eighth Falling on the eighth day of the 12th lunar month, Laba Festival was originally an occasion for people to give sacrifices to their ancestors, and to pray to heaven and earth for a good harvest and good luck for the family. Many years later, it has become a Laba rice porridge eating event - a porridge that contains different types of rice, beans, dried nuts, bean curd, and meat. The 12th lunar month is called La in Chinese and eight is pronounced ba, which is how the name Laba was derived. It is not only regarded as a day of sacrifice, but also the day on which Sakyamuni (founder of Buddhism) realized truth and became a Buddha. To cook “rice porridge for December Eighth”, boil yellow rice, white rice, glutinous rice, millet, red cowpeas and jujube paste together. When it is done, dot it with walnuts, apricot kernels, melon seeds, peanuts, hazelnuts, pine nuts, all dyed red, and white sugar, brown sugar and chopped raisins. Laba porridge is now regarded as a very nutritious food in winter that has the function of strengthening the spleen, stimulating the appetite, and soothing the nerves. It is welcomed by all people of different ages. 中国民间风俗上茶馆 京城（指北京）的茶馆中排放这长条桌子，茶叶的价钱和水的价钱是须分开来计算的