英语中的外来词(翻译)исправлен.docx

论英语词汇中的外来词作者：林新：2012 : : /yingyu/60323_2.html摘要：词汇是语言的基本材料，因此足够的英语词汇量是成功运用英语的关键因素。现代英语中，外来词汇占有相当大的比重，详细了解英语词汇演化发展的历史过程，尤其是外来词汇的形成、来源及种类，有助于学习者准确把握词汇的深刻文化内涵，从而恰当运用英语词汇进行内容广泛的各种交际活动。一、引言英语是当今世界上广泛使用的社交语言。从使用它的人口来说，以英语为母语的人数大约有四亿多人，仅次于汉语，居世界第二位；而以英语作为第二语言或者在一定程度上使用英语的人数，分布在世界的各个角落、各个民族。古英语构成了英语词汇的核心，这些单词一直沿用至今；英语中外来词汇的融入，丰富了英语的词汇量和词义，对英语的发展起到了积极的推动作用。外来词汇的广泛运用使人们意识到了异域文化因素在英语使用中的重要价值，因此对于英语学习者来说，了解、掌握外来词汇对于提高英语水平至关重要。二、英语词汇分类从词源学的角度讲英语词汇可分为本土词汇 (native words) 和外来词汇 (borrowed words) 两类。本土词汇形成于公元5世纪，由德国日耳曼民族带入不列颠岛，被称为央格鲁撒克逊词汇 (Anglo-Saxon words) 。英语的本土词汇数量大约在50,000-60,000，在现代英语中约占词汇总量的20%，多为日常基本用语。外来词汇是指借用其它国家的语言形成的英语词汇。英语中的外来词汇在现代英语中占有相当大的比重，约占现代英语词汇总量的80%。三、外来词汇的形成英语中的外来词汇在英国与不同国家、地区、文化的民族间不断进行的入侵征服、殖民统治、贸易往来和文化交流中形成。四、外来词汇的来源法语、拉丁语、希腊语、德语是英语中外来词汇的主要来源，但日常使用的英语词汇中还有很多来源于其它语种的国家。以下举例说明不同时期英语中外来词汇的来源。（一）中古英语时期 (1100-1500年)古英语时期（6001100年），央格鲁撒克逊词汇形成了英语的本土词汇, 从中古时期，英语早期外来词汇开始出现在英语词汇中。1法语French伴随着诺曼征服，法语词汇流入英国，来源于法语的各类英语外来词汇如下。法律与政治类：attorney, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime, defendant, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict, etc.；宗教类：abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest, religion, sacrament, saint, sermon, etc.；爵位类：baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess; prince, princess; viscount, viscountess; noble, royal, etc.；军事类：army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal, defense, enemy, marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer, etc.；餐饮类：beef, boil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast, salmon, stew, veal, etc.；文化艺术类：art, bracelet, clarinet, dance, oboe, painting, sculpture, etc.；珠宝、服饰类：diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, pendant, satin, ruby, etc.；其它方面的词汇：adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor, feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, proud, question, regard, special, etc. 诺曼人的入侵为英语带来了大量的法语词汇，这使得现代英语中出现大量英法对照的同义或近义词：shut/close，answer/reply，smell/odor，yearly/annual，ask/demand，room/chamber，wish/desire，might/power。另一有趣的现象是产肉的动物多为英语词，如：ox，cow，calf，sheep，swine，deer，而它们的肉则是法语词，如：beef，veal，mutton，pork，bacon，venison。2斯堪的纳维亚语 Scandinavian大部分斯堪的纳维亚语词汇首次出现在中世纪英语书面语中，但有些词汇早在公元9-10世纪就已经形成了。 如：anger, blight, by-law, cake, call, clumsy, doze, egg, fellow, gear, get, give, hit, husband, kick, kill, law, low, lump, rag, raise, root, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, seat, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sly, take, they, them, their, thrall, thrust, ugly, want, window, wing, etc. （二）现代英语早期 (1500-1650年)文艺复兴时期，大量的拉丁语和希腊语词汇由学者们引入英国。早期的殖民扩张也使得其它国家的词汇流入英国。1拉丁语 Latin如：agile, area, capsule, compensate, discus, disc/disk, expensive, gradual, habitual, insane, janitor, meditate, notorious, orbit, peninsula, physician, superintendent, ultimate, vindicate, etc. 2希腊语 Greek如：anonymous, atmosphere, autograph, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic, data, ecstasy, history, ostracize, parasite, pneumonia, skeleton, tonic, tragedy, etc. （三）现代英语 (1650-至今)这一时期由于出现了大规模的殖民扩张，工业和技术革命以及美洲移民等重大事件使得外来词汇更加深刻而广泛地融入英语词汇中。 来自欧洲国家语言的词汇1）法语 French法语仍然是英语外来词汇中专业词汇的主要来源。如文化领域的词汇有：ballet, bouillabaisse, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet, sachet, salon, saloon, sang frond, savoir faire,etc.；军事领域的词汇如：bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, palisade, rebuff, bayonet, etc.；其它方面的词汇：bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, niche, shock, etc. 2）西班牙语 Spanish英语外来词汇中源自西班牙语的常见词汇有：armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante, etc. 3）意大利语 Italian英语外来词汇中来自意大利语的词汇如：alto, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima，regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violin, etc. 4）荷兰语 Dutch英语中外来词汇由荷兰语演变来的词汇涉及航运、战争、服装产业、艺术、饮食等诸多方面。航运类：boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yacht, etc.；战争类：beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught, etc.；服装产业类：bale, cambric, mart, selvage, spool, stripe；etc.；艺术类：easel, etching, landscape, sketch, etc.；餐饮类：booze, coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffle, etc. 5） 德语 German源自德语的英语外来词如：bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, strudel, etc. 6）斯堪的纳维亚语 Scandinavian如：fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc. 7）俄语 Russian如：fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc. 来自其它国家语言的词汇1）梵语Sanskrit如：avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga, etc. 2）印度语Hindi如：bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree, etc. 3）波斯语Persian 如：check, checkmate, chess, etc. 4）阿拉伯语Arabic如：gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan, etc. 5）非洲国家语言African languages如：banjo, boogie-woodier, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, voodoo, yam, zebra, zombie, etc. 6）美洲印第安语American Indian languages如：avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock, hominy, hurricane, maize, moccasin, moose, papoose, pecan, possum, potato, skunk, squaw, succotash, squash, teepee, terrapin, tobacco, toboggan, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam, woodchuck, etc. 7）汉语Chinese如：kingcup, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchi, hung, kowtow, Yemen, cheongsam，typhoon, etc.8）日语Japanese如：geisha, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami, etc. 9）太平洋岛国语言Pacific Islands如：bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks, etc. 10）澳洲词汇Australia如：boomerang, budgerigar, didgeridoo, kangaroo, etc. 五、外来词汇的种类英语中外来词汇主要有四种，分别为：同化词、非同化词、译借词和借义词。（一）同化词（Denizens）这些外来词汇符合英语的读音和拼写规则，最初来源于拉丁语、希腊语、法语和斯堪的纳维亚语。如：port from ports（拉丁语），cup from cupper（拉丁语），pork from pork（法语），change from chancier（法语）等。（二）非同化词（Aliens）这些词汇保留了原单词的读音和拼写规则，因此能够很容易辨识出这些词汇的非英国本土词汇特征。如：dcor（法语）, blitzkrieg（德语），kowtow（汉语），bazaar（波斯语），emir（阿拉伯语），intermezzo（意大利语）等。（三）译借词（Translation-loans）译借词指将其它语言的词汇利用翻译的手段逐字地借用英语词汇表述。这种词汇又可分为：根据词义翻译的词汇（words translated according to the meaning）和根据发音翻译的词汇（words translated according to the sound) 两种形式。1根据词义翻译的词汇如：mother tongue from lingua materna （拉丁语），long time no see from haojiubujian（汉语），surplus value from Mehrwert (德语)，masterpiece from Meisterstuck (德语)，black humour from humour noir (法语)等。2根据发音翻译的词汇如：kulak from kyrak (俄语)，ketchup from ke-tsiap（汉语方言），lama from lama (藏语)等。（四）借义词（Semantic-loans）这些词汇在原有词汇的基础上引入了其它语言的词义，使得词义更加丰富。如：英语中dream一词的本义是喜悦，享受和音乐（joy and music），它的现代含义（梦想，做梦）来源于挪威语；pioneer 一词的本义是探险家（explorer), 由于引入了俄语的词意，因此现在具有先锋，先驱者的含义。六、结语英语学习者应重视外来词汇的学习，英语教师在教学过程也应当根据外来词汇的发展历史和地域特征进行讲解，使学生了解英语外来词汇形成的历史过程，拓展学生的文化视野，增强学生对英语词汇学习的兴趣，使他们能够根据不同语境恰当使用外来词汇，从而提高他们的英语综合运用能力。参考文献：1 Mary S. Serjeantson. A History of Foreign Words in English M. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1962.2 张维友. 英语词汇学 M. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.3 韩哲. 新英语外来语词典 K. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 1997. .: :2012 : : /yingyu/60323_2.html: , . , . , , , , , , .1. . , . , , 400 , . , . , . , , , , , , . . - (native words) (borrowed words). 5- , , - (Anglo-Saxon words). 50,000-60,000, 20% , . , . , , 80% . . , , , , () , . ., , , , . .(A) (1100-1500.). (6001100.), - , .1. . French. , , . ：attorney, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime, defendant, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict, etc.； ：abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest, religion, sacrament, saint, sermon, etc.； ：baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquees; prince, princess; viscount, viscounts; noble, royal, etc.； ：army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal, defense, enemy, marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer, etc.； ：beef, boil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast, salmon, stew, veal, etc.； ：art, bracelet, clarinet, dance, oboe, painting, sculpture, etc.； ：diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, pendant, satin, ruby, etc.；：adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor, feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, proud, question, regard, special, etc. , , - : shut/close，answer/reply，smell/odor，yearly/annual，ask/demand，room/chamber，wish/desire，might/power. : : ox，cow，calf，sheep，swine，deer， , : beef，veal，mutton，pork，bacon，venison.2. . Scandinavian. , , , 9-10 , : anger, blight, by-law, cake, call, clumsy, doze, egg, fellow, gear, get, give, hit, husband, kick, kill, law, low, lump, rag, raise, root, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, seat, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sly, take, they, them, their, thrall, thrust, ugly, want, window, wing, etc. (B) (1500-1650). , , . .1. . Latin.Agile, area, capsule, compensate, discus, disc/disk, expensive, gradual, habitual, insane, janitor, meditate, notorious, orbit, peninsula, physician, superintendent, ultimate, vindicate, etc.2. . Greek. : anonymous, atmosphere, autograph, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic, data, ecstasy, history, ostracize, parasite, pneumonia, skeleton, tonic, tragedy, etc.(C) (1650. ). , , , .(1) .1) . French. . : ballet, bouillabaisse, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulette, sachet, salon, saloon, sang frond, savoir faire, etc. ：bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, palisade, rebuff, bayonet, etc.； ：bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, niche, shock, etc. 2) . Spanish. : armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante, etc. 3) . Italian . : alto, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima，regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violin, etc.4) . Dutch. , , , , , , . ：boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yacht, etc.； ：beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught, etc.；- ：bale, cambric, mart, selvage, spool, stripe；etc.； ：easel, etching, landscape, sketch, etc.； ：booze, coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffle, etc. 5) . German.Bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, strudel, etc. 6) . Scandinavian.Fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc.7) . Russian.Fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord, etc. .1) . Sanskrit.Avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga, etc.2) . Hindi.Bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree, etc.3) . Persian.Check, checkmate, chess, etc4) . Arabic.Gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan, etc. 5) . African languages.Banjo, boogie-woodier, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, voodoo, yam